1. In order to evaluate the membrane potentials calculated from the distribution of chloride ions in human red cells and plasma, it is desirable to have a direct measurement of the transmembrane potential of these cells. 2. A method has been devised for introducing a capillary micro‐electrode into human red cells. The method allows simultaneous measurements of potential and membrane resistance with only one micro‐electrode located in the cell. 3. Upon impalement of single cells in plasma, a scatter of membrane potentials and of resistance values was obtained. The potential drop never exceeded ‐14 mV and the maximum resistances were about 7 Ω. cm2. Positive potentials were obtained on impalement of red cell aggregates. 4. Arguments are given to support the view that it is in these cells which suffer least damage from the impalement that maximum values of membrane potentials and resistances are observed. The errors caused by the change in the liquid junction during the impalement have been estimated. 5. As judged from this study, it seems permissible under normal conditions to calculate the membrane potential of the red cell from the chloride concentrations in plasma and in intracellular water.
Intracellular potentials were measured, using a piezoelectric electromechanical transducer to impale Ehrlich ascites tumor cells with capillary microelectrodes. In sodium Ringer's, the potential immediately after the penetration was -24±7 mV, and decayed to a stable value of about -8 mV within a few msec. The peak potentials disappeared in potassium Ringer's and reappeared immediately after resuspension in sodium. Ringer's, whereas the stable potentials were only slightly influenced by the change of medium. The peak potential is in good agreement with the Nernst potential for chloride. This is also the case when cell sodium and potassium have been changed by addition of ouabain. It is concluded that the peak potentials represent the membrane potential of the unperturbed cell, and that chloride is in electrochemical equilibrium across the cell membrane.The membrane potential of about -11 mV previously reported corresponds to the stable potential in this study, and is considered as a junction potential between damaged cells and their environment. Similar potential differences were recorded between a homogenate of cells and Ringer's.The apparent membrane resistance of Ehrlich cells was about 70 Ωcm(2). This is two orders of magnitude less than the value calculated from(36)Cl fluxes, and may, in part, represent a leak in the cell membrane.For comparison, the influence of an eventual leak on measurements in red cells and mitochondria is discussed.
Like most other red cells, the giant erythrocytes of Amphiuma means possess a system for rapid exchange of chloride across the membrane. Also, there are indications that the net transport of chloride in these cells is slow. The size of Amphiuma erythrocytes allows direct measurements of membrane potential with microelectrodes. The present work exploits the possibility that such measurements can be used to give a quantitative estimate of the chloride conductance (GCl) of the Amphiuma red cell membrane. The membrane potential was measured as a function of extracellular chloride concentration (5-120mM), using an impermeant anion (Para-amino-hippurate) as a substitute. Furthermore, the effect of different pH values (6.0-7.2) was studied. For each extracellular chloride concentration the membrane potential was determined at a pH at which hydroxyl, hydrogen, and bicarbonate ions were in electrochemical equilibrium. From these membrane potentials and the corresponding chloride concentrations in the medium (at constant intracellular ion concentrations), the GCl of the membrane was calculated to be 3.9 x 10-7 omega-1 cm-2. This value is some six orders of magnitude smaller than that calculated from the rate of tracer exchange under equilibrium conditions. The experimental strategy used gives the values for a "partial transference number" which takes into account only ions which are not in electrochemical equilibrium. Whereas this approach gives a value for GCl, it does not permit calculation of the overall membrane conductance. From the calculated value of GCl it is possible to estimate that the maximal value of the combined conductances of hydroxyl (or proton) and bicarbonate ions is 0.6 x 10-7 omega-1 cm-2. The large discrepancy between the rate of exchange of chloride and its conductance is in agreement with measurements on human and sheep red cells employing the ionophore valinomycin to increase the potassium conductance of the membrane. The results in the present study were, however, obtained without valinomycin and an accompaning assumption of a constant field in the membrane. Therefore, the present measurements give independent support to the above mentioned conclusions.
Twenty-four pts (median age¼61 (range 37-78); 50% female, 95% ECOG PS1, were enrolled (5 pts to each of DL 0 and 1 and 7 pts each to DL2a and 2b). Thus far 121 cycles have been administered. The majority of drugrelated adverse events (AEs) were grade 2. Most AEs were related to chemotherapy; other AEs were chemotherapy or immune-related (renal, hepatic, skin and pulmonary toxicity). AEs that were considered related to Du or Tr were mainly grade 2, the most common of which were fatigue (46%), nausea/vomiting (25%), anorexia (21%) and diarrhea (13%). Two pts (DL2a) had serious related AEs (febrile neutropenia related to chemotherapy and lung infection/pneumonitis related to both chemotherapy and Du + T (considered a DLT)). Seventeen of the 24 patients are currently evaluable for response. The provisional objective response rate is 52.9% (95% CI: 28 -77%). Conclusion:In this PD-1 unselected patient population, Du 15mg/kg q3w and Tr 1mg/kg (multiple doses q6w) or 3mg/kg (3 doses q6w) can be safely combined with full doses of platinum-doublet chemotherapy. Additional studies with this combination are being planned.
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