Formal verification utilizing symbolic computer algebra has demonstrated the ability to formally verify large Galois field arithmetic circuits and basic architectures of integer arithmetic circuits. The technique models the circuit as Gröbner basis polynomials and reduces the polynomial equation of the circuit specification wrt. the polynomials model. However, during the Gröbner basis reduction, the technique suffers from exponential blow-up in the size of the polynomials, if it is applied on parallel adders and recoded multipliers. In this paper, we address the reasons of this blow-up and present an approach that allows to apply the technique on basic and complex parallel architectures of multipliers. The approach is based on applying a logic reduction rule during Gröbner basis rewriting. The rule uses structural circuit information to remove terms that evaluate to zero before their blow-up. The experiments show that the approach is applicable up to 128 bit multipliers.
Following the trend in facial cosmetic procedures, patients are now increasingly requesting hand rejuvenation treatments. Intrinsic ageing of the hands is characterized by loss of dermal elasticity and atrophy of the subcutaneous tissue. Thus, veins, tendons and bony structures become apparent. Among the available procedures, intrinsic ageing of the hands is best improved by restoring the volume of soft tissue. Volume restoration can be achieved with a number of long-lasting dermal fillers with varying degrees of improvement and treatment longevity. The dermal fillers used in hand rejuvenation include autologous fat, collagen, hyaluronic acid, calcium hydroxylapatite and poly-L-lactic acid. Here, we describe our preferred injection method for hand rejuvenation using calcium hydroxylapatite and a single-bolus injection.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has the potential to greatly improve the delivery of healthcare and other services that advance population health and wellbeing. However, the use of AI in healthcare also brings potential risks that may cause unintended harm. To guide future developments in AI, the High-Level Expert Group on AI set up by the European Commission (EC), recently published ethics guidelines for what it terms “trustworthy” AI. These guidelines are aimed at a variety of stakeholders, especially guiding practitioners toward more ethical and more robust applications of AI. In line with efforts of the EC, AI ethics scholarship focuses increasingly on converting abstract principles into actionable recommendations. However, the interpretation, relevance, and implementation of trustworthy AI depend on the domain and the context in which the AI system is used. The main contribution of this paper is to demonstrate how to use the general AI HLEG trustworthy AI guidelines in practice in the healthcare domain. To this end, we present a best practice of assessing the use of machine learning as a supportive tool to recognize cardiac arrest in emergency calls. The AI system under assessment is currently in use in the city of Copenhagen in Denmark. The assessment is accomplished by an independent team composed of philosophers, policy makers, social scientists, technical, legal, and medical experts. By leveraging an interdisciplinary team, we aim to expose the complex trade-offs and the necessity for such thorough human review when tackling socio-technical applications of AI in healthcare. For the assessment, we use a process to assess trustworthy AI, called 1Z-Inspection® to identify specific challenges and potential ethical trade-offs when we consider AI in practice.
Abstract. We consider in this paper switched systems, a class of hybrid systems recently used with success in various domains such as automotive industry and power electonics. We propose a state-dependent control strategy which makes the trajectories of the analyzed system converge to finite cyclic sequences of points. Our method relies on a technique of decomposition of the state space into local regions where the control is uniform. We have implemented the procedure using zonotopes, and applied it successfully to several examples of the literature and industrial case studies in power electronics.
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