Establishment of both parameters should be useful to determine individual baselines from a large number of samples. Determinations should be made at least every 3 d in standardized conditions. If a large increase is observed in combination with reduced exercise tolerance after a phase of exertion (2-4 d), then the possibility of a catabolic/metabolic activity or insufficient exercise tolerance becomes much more likely.
Abstract-Mesh generation in finite-element-(FE) methodbased electroencephalography (EEG) source analysis generally influences greatly the accuracy of the results. It is thus important to determine a meshing strategy well adopted to achieve both acceptable accuracy for potential distributions and reasonable computation times and memory usage. In this paper, we propose to achieve this goal by smoothing regular hexahedral finite elements at material interfaces using a node-shift approach. We first present the underlying theory for two different techniques for modeling a current dipole in FE volume conductors, a subtraction and a direct potential method. We then evaluate regular and smoothed elements in a four-layer sphere model for both potential approaches and compare their accuracy. We finally compute and visualize potential distributions for a tangentially and a radially oriented source in the somatosensory cortex in regular and geometry-adapted three-compartment hexahedra FE volume conductor models of the human head using both the subtraction and the direct potential method. On the average, node-shifting reduces both topography and magnitude errors by more than a factor of 2 for tangential and 1.5 for radial sources for both potential approaches. Nevertheless, node-shifting has to be carried out with caution for sources located within or close to irregular hexahedra, because especially for the subtraction method extreme deformations might lead to larger overall errors. With regard to realistic volume conductor modeling, node-shifted hexahedra should thus be used for the skin and skull compartments while we would not recommend deforming elements at the grey and white matter surfaces.
On a Gjessing rowing ergometer 20 A- and B-squad women (age 21.6 +/- 2.3 years, height 183.6 +/- 2.8 cm, weight 75.6 +/- 2.6 kg) and 81 A-squad men (age 24.6 +/- 2.1 years, height 194.8 +/- 3.3 cm, weight 92.8 +/- 2.7 kg) performed five and ten maximal strokes with a brake load of 3.0 kp; additionally, the women performed a 6-min maximal test (3.0 kp brake load). During the rowing stroke the peak force was measured with a strain gauge, while the peak velocity was determined with an ultrasound echo system. From these values the peak power was calculated. Regardless of sex, there was a relatively constant relationship between peak force and velocity, according to the principle of Hill. For the men the maximal peak force for five and ten strokes was 1350 N, the maximal peak velocity 3.80 m/s, and the maximal peak power 3230 W. The corresponding values for the women were 1020 N, 2.90 m/s, and 1860 W, respectively. With the exception of the strokes at the beginning, at no time during the 6-min maximal test was more than 65%-70% of the maximal force applied. Peak force decreased from the first stroke to the last stroke. The slightly increased peak power during the last 25 s of the test was caused solely by an increase in peak velocity.
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