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The present study investigated the putative pro-cognitive effects of the novel selective PDE9 inhibitor BAY 73-6691. The effects on basal synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation (LTP) were investigated in rat hippocampal slices. Pro-cognitive effects were assessed in a series of learning and memory tasks using rodents as subjects. BAY 73-6691 had no effect on basal synaptic transmission in hippocampal slices prepared from young adult (7- to 8-week-old) Wistar rats. A dose of 10 microM, but not 30 microM, BAY 73-6691 enhanced early LTP after weak tetanic stimulation. The dose effective in young adult Wistar rats did not affect LTP in hippocampal slices prepared from young (7- to 8-week-old) Fischer 344 X Brown Norway (FBNF1) rats, probably reflecting strain differences. However, it increased basal synaptic transmission and enhanced early LTP after weak tetanic stimulation in hippocampal slices prepared from very old (31- to 35-month-old) FBNF1 rats. BAY 73-6691 enhanced acquisition, consolidation, and retention of long-term memory (LTM) in a social recognition task and tended to enhance LTM in an object recognition task. Bay 73-6691 attenuated the scoplamine-induced retention deficit in a passive avoidance task, and the MK-801-induced short-term memory deficits in a T-maze alternation task. The mechanism of action, possibly through modulation of the NO/cGMP-PKG/CREB pathway, is discussed. Our findings support the notion that PDE9 inhibition may be a novel target for treating memory deficits that are associated with aging and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.

elevation during OGD was due to Na ؉ influx through voltagedependent Na ؉ channels. In hippocampal slices, cellular degeneration occurring 24 h after OGD, selectively affected the pyramidal cell population through apoptotic and non-apoptotic cell death. OGD-induced cell loss was mediated by activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors, voltage-dependent Na ؉ channels, and both plasma membrane and mitochondrial Na ؉ /Ca 2؉ exchangers. Thus, we show that neuroprotection induced by blockade of NMDA receptors and plasma membrane Na ؉ /Ca 2؉ exchangers is mediated by reduction of Ca 2؉ entry into neuronal soma, whereas neuroprotection induced by blockade of AMPA/kainate receptors and mitochondrial Na ؉ /Ca 2؉ exchangers might result from reduced Na ؉ entry at dendrites level.

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Introduction: Colorectal carcinomas exhibit a frequent recurrence after curative

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