Free Space Optical (FSO) links offer high bandwidth and the flexibility of wireless communication links. However, the availability of FSO links is limited by weather patterns like fog and heavy snowfall. Microwave based communication links operating at high frequencies (40 -43 GHz) have similar characteristics like high data rates and needed line-ofsight. Link availability for microwave systems is limited by heavy rain. Combining FSO links with microwave links within a hybrid FSO/microwave communication network has the advantage of added redundancy and higher link availability. Measurements over a period of one year show a combined availability of 99.93% for the climatic region of Graz (Austria) which proves that the combination of both technologies leads to a highly available wireless connection offering high bandwidth.
Free Space Optical (FSO) links can be used to setup FSO communication networks or to supplement radio and optical fiber networks. Hence, it is the broadband wireless solution for closing the "last mile" connectivity gap throughout metropolitan networks. Optical wireless fits well into dense urban areas and is ideally suited for urban applications. This paper gives an overview of free-space laser communications. Different network architectures will be described and investigated regarding reliability. The usage of "Optical Repeaters", Point-to-Point and Point-to-Multipoint solutions will be explained for setting up different network architectures. After having explained the different networking topologies and technologies, FSO applications will be discussed in section 2, including terrestrial applications for short and long ranges, and space applications. Terrestrial applications for short ranges cover the links between buildings on campus or different buildings of a company, which can be established with low-cost technology. For using FSO for long-range applications, more sophisticated systems have to be used. Hence, different techniques regarding emitted optical power, beam divergence, number of beams and tracking will be examined. Space applications have to be divided into FSO links through the troposphere, for example up-and downlinks between the Earth and satellites, and FSO links above the troposphere (e.g., optical inter-satellite links). The difference is that links through the troposphere are mainly influenced by weather conditions similar but not equal to terrestrial FSO links. Satellite orbits are above the atmosphere and therefore, optical inter-satellite links are not influenced by weather conditions. In section 3 the use of optical wireless for the last mile will be investigated and described in more detail. Therefore important design criteria for connecting the user to the "backbone" by FSO techniques will be covered, e.g., line of sight, network topology, reliability and availability. The advantages and disadvantages of different FSO technologies, as well as the backbone technology are discussed in this respect. Furthermore, the last mile access using FSO will be investigated for different environment areas (e.g., urban, rural, mountain) and climate zones.
Free Space Optics (FSO) is an excellent supplement to conventional radio links and fibre optics. It is a broadband wireless solution for the "Last Mile" connectivity gap throughout metropolitan networks. At the Department of Communications and Wave Propagation several FSOsystems have been developed within the past 5 years. Thereby the main effort was laid on using LEDs instead of laser diodes. One system is based on a modular concept using available standard components, used for distances of about 300 m at a specific power margin of 25 dB/km. Additionally the research group "OptiKom" investigates the reliability and availability for different network-architectures (ring, mesh and star).
The satisfaction of all communication needs from single households and business companies over a single access infrastructure is probably the most challenging topic in communication technology today. But even though the so-called "Last Mile Access Bottleneck" is well known since more than ten years and many distribution technologies have been tried out, the optimal solution has not yet been found and paying commercial access networks offering all service classes are still rare today. Conventional services like telephone, radio and TV, as well as new and emerging services like email, web browsing, online-gaming, video conferences, business data transfer or external data storage can all be transmitted over the well known and cost effective Ethernet networking protocol standard. Key requirements for the deployment technology driven by the different services are high data rates to the single customer, security, moderate deployment costs and good scalability to number and density of users, quick and flexible deployment without legal impediments and high availability, referring to the properties of optical and wireless communication. We demonstrate all elements of an Ethernet Access Network based on Free Space Optic distribution technology. Main physical parts are Central Office, Distribution Network and Customer Equipment. Transmission of different services, as well as configuration, service upgrades and remote control of the network are handled by networking features over one FSO connection. All parts of the network are proven, the latest commercially available technology. The set up is flexible and can be adapted to any more specific need if required.
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