In this paper we analyze the limitations that imposes the presence of uncertainty in the design of optimal energy management strategies for FC (fuel cell) Hybrid Electric Vehicles (FCHEV). Using an electric powertrain constituted by a hydrogen fuel cell and a battery bank, the fuel consumption minimization problem is analyzed in the presence of parametric uncertainty. The conditions that ensure that the nominal optimization problem matches the solution of the real (unknown) optimization problem are clearly stated. By observing that the uncertainty will limit the feasible solutions of the minimization consumption problem, a supervisory control constituted by heuristic rules is proposed to face such limitations, resulting a mixed optimal-heuristic Energy Management Strategy. The effect of the powertrain design, driving cycle and initial conditions in the proposed strategy is discussed. Numerical simulations provide evidence of the advantages and features of the supervisory control strategy.Index Terms-Fuel Economy, Energy management, optimal control.
The gradual flooding of a single PEM fuel cell was produced and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscoy (EIS) measurements were realized in order to follow changes of the fuel cell impedance parameters. These changes were followed by using two equivalent circuit models: one simple model of the Randles type accounting for cathode and anode interfaces and a more complex model based on distributed elements, more suitable for porous electrodes in order to include protonic resistance of the catalyst layers.
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