The prevalence of pyelonephritis is significantly higher in diabetics than in non-diabetic subjects, with E. coli being the most common isolate. Elevated glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) predisposes diabetics to UTI. Investigation of bacteriuria in diabetic patients for urinary tract infection is important for treatment and prevention of renal complications.

Although cryptococcosis with lung involvement is not rare in patients with HIV, it is rarely considered in the differential diagnosis of an abnormal chest roentgenogram. Pulmonary cryptococcosis with concomitant opportunistic infections is frequently seen among AIDS and its association with tuberculosis (TB) has been previously reported. Untreated pulmonary cryptococcosis in immunocompromised hosts usually becomes disseminated and results in considerable mortality despite antifungal therapy. We report a case of cryptococcosis with pulmonary involvement in a patient with coexisting disseminated TB in HIV infection.

Nocardiosis induces a high mortality rate in those infected with HIV. It is now being increasingly described in patients with AIDS. Nocardia infection usually involves the lungs. In immunocompromised individuals it tends to disseminate. It mimics pulmonary TB both clinically and radiologically and many a time is wrongly treated with anti-tubercular drugs. Involvement of the pericardium is uncommon, having only been reported infrequently in the past. We describe a patient who presented with a cardiac tamponade and was confirmed as having pulmonary parenchymal and pleural disease.