This article integrates ideology into a game-theoretical model of centre-periphery bargains. Ideological differences between national and sub-national elites constitute a major obstacle for the accommodation of autonomy claims. While reforms bringing about decentralization are often analysed systematically as well as through case studies, cases where, despite claims to autonomy, decentralization does not occur have been largely neglected by scholars of territorial politics. Turkey is such a 'negative case'. We argue that ideological distance prevents national parties from accommodating peripheral authority claims. We test our expectation with a mixed-methods approach that combines quantitative analysis of party positions with in-depth qualitative analysis of party documents showing how the different ideological positions of national and Kurdish parties affect decentralization demand and national response in Turkey between 1987 and 2015. Our findings support the theoretical expectations, but also point to additional inferences. Whereas asymmetric authority demands have been widely ignored, symmetric local autonomy has become an important issue in territorial politics. Leonce R€ oth, Andr e Kaiser, C ß a gan Varol, and U gur Sadio glu
Bu çalışmada, öncelikle İstanbul'da ikamet eden vatandaşların iklim değişikliği farkındalığının medeni durum, yaş, cinsiyet, eğitim seviyesi ve refah düzeyine göre farklılık gösterip göstermediği araştırılmıştır. Aynı zamanda bu çalışma ile İstanbul'da iklim değişikliği konusundaki kamu bilincinin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Veri elde etmek için anket tekniği kullanılan bu çalışmada öncelikle altı sorudan oluşan bir iklim değişikliği farkındalığı ölçeği geliştirilmiştir. Yapılan analizlerle iklim değişikliği farkındalığının cinsiyet açısından istatistiki olarak anlamlı bir farklılık gösterirken; yaş, medeni durum, eğitim seviyesi ve gelir durumuna göre anlamlı bir farklılık göstermediği ortaya çıkmıştır. İstanbul'daki kadınların erkeklere göre iklim değişikliği farkındalıklarının daha yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca iklim değişikliği kavramı, nedenleri, sonuçları, uluslararası ve yerel doküman ve belgelerin bilinirliği, farkındalık kazanım kaynakları ile iklim değişikliği ile mücadelede esas sorumluluğun kime ait olması gerektiği hususlarındaki toplumsal bilinç ortaya konulmuştur. Çalışmanın iklim değişikliği ile mücadelede farkındalık durumunun ve toplumsal bilincin ortaya konmasında diğer illere örnek teşkil etmesi beklenmektedir. Ayrıca bu çalışmanın iklim değişikliği ile mücadelede yerel anlamda farkındalık geliştirilecek politika ve stratejilerin belirlenmesinde karar mercilerine yol göstermesi beklenmektedir.
In the 2000s, important legal arrangements were made that directly and indirectly concern municipalities. While some laws are specifically regulated for a particular metropolitan area, the Municipal Law and the Metropolitan Municipality Law generally regulated the urban transformation practices of the municipalities. Finally, the Law No. 6306 of 2012 on the Transformation of Disaster Risk Areas has made various regulations through the central administration, the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization and TOKI. Regarding these regulations, the Ministry went to give both financial resources and authority and duties to TOKİ and municipalities. Thus, many actors, such as district municipalities, metropolitan municipalities, ministries and administrations, are authorized to carry out important projects. t is seen that the greatest role in this comprehensive and multidimensional policy field is given to the Ministry, subsequently to the metropolitan municipalities and finally to the district municipalities. In this study, the legislation regulating this multi-actor and complex structure of urban transformation was examined. It is aimed to evaluate urban transformation applications, which have gained a negative image in recent years. As a result, the institutional framework in Turkey has been analyzed and interpreted.
Turkey has witnessed a comprehensive transformation in its political-administrative structure and policy making actors since the 1980s, at which point Turkey started to pull away from its traditional ‘transcendental state’ tradition. While the central government expanded, especially within the prime ministry, and became a policy making centre, the external dynamics resulted in the creation of independent regulatory organisations, privatisation policies, NPM reforms and decentralisation. However, the dynamics of internal politics came to the fore and the referendum that was passed for the direct election of the president by the people in 2007 brought radical changes to the ministerial system in 2011, structured around the prime ministry. The adoption of a presidential government system in principle strengthened the central government again, triggering discussions on ‘re-centralisation’. In this chapter, the policy actors and dynamics that have been influential in the post-1980 period at the central government level in Turkey are examined from a constitutional-institutional perspective, transformations caused by administrative reforms in the field of policy making are evaluated and finally the transformation and challenges facing the presidential system and central government are analysed.
Under the influence of globalization and the European Union membership accession process, important administrative reform initiatives have been taken in Turkey in the 2000s in the framework of economic, social, political, cultural and technological needs. In this process, central government agencies and administrations, public financial management, local governments and similar public organizations have undergone important transitions. The most important initiative taken to achieve regional governance is the establishment of Regional Development Agencies (RDAs). The present study performs a 10-year longitudinal analysis of RDAs in Turkey in the context of governance and local elites. The first phase of the study was conducted in 2010, and the second phase was conducted in 2019. The aim of the study is to evaluate whether RDAs have realized their potential in local democracy, sustainable development and decentralization, as well as to define the characteristics of policies to be pursued in line with further development of these agencies. Consequently, it has been observed that maintaining a centralized state tradition, along with institutional deficiencies, has transformed RDAs into an apparatus of the central government.
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