No other plant has played as decisive a role in people's agricultural and socio-cultural activities throughout history as the grapevine. In addition to the effects of the vine plant on civilizations in history, today the economic value produced from grape and grape products distinguishes it financially from other plant species. Anatolia is a central point in the journey of Vitis species. The South Caucasus (Georgia-Azerbaijan-Armenia) and the Fertile Crescent regions are accepted as the vine's homeland. Thus, these areas played a significant role in the cultivation and distribution of grapes. Genetic diversity also led to the diversification of usage purposes and has been an essential resource for breeding studies. In this review, the distribution of Vitis species in Anatolia has been reviewed within the scope of the current literature from different disciplines. Moreover, important V. vinifera L. varieties and their usage purposes are examined.

This study investigates the utilization of the biodrying process, which is an eco-friendly approach for sewage sludge management to produce a fuel-like product.Biodrying tests were conducted for six trials containing different amounts of bulking agents (straw and sawdust). Higher volatile matter removal was achieved for trials with sawdust as a result of better porosity conditions. Consequently, biodrying indexes were higher for straw containing trials (7.73-30.85) with straw than those trails with sawdust (6.94-13.99). Trials with straw resulted in biodried materials with lower moisture content and higher calorific value due to lower water holding capacity of straw. However, sawdust provided better fuel quality due to the higher bulk density of the product. Thus, fuel value indexes determined for trials with sawdust (81.62-152.17) were remarkably higher than those of trials with straw (16.02-68.97). Furthermore, biomass characterization indexes (>25.000) indicated that products with sawdust can be used as promising alternatives to biomass such as wood chips and wood chunks in combustion facilities.

The introduction of global illumination and texture mapping enabled the generation of high-quality, realistic looking images of computer graphics models. We describe a fast and efficient 2D texture mapping algorithm that uses triangle-to-triangle mapping, taking advantage of mapping an arbitrary triangle to a right triangle. This requires fewer floating point operations for finding the 2D texture coordinates and little preprocessing and storage. Texture mapping is combined with ray tracing for better visual effects. A filtering technique alternative to area sampling is developed to avoid aliasing artifacts. This technique uses linear eye rays, and only one eye ray per pixel is fired. A uniform supersampling filtering technique eliminates aliasing artifacts at the object edges.

This study aims to determine the production model providing the maximum economic benefit to the producers by comparing the harvesting models comprising different amounts of grape load and different number of harvested leaves of Yapıncak variety. This variety is one of the important grape varieties whose leaves are evaluated as edible/pickled. 12 different production models, 10 models targeting grape and leaf harvesting together, and 2 models harvesting only leaves and only grapes were established in the trial vineyard consisting of vines of the same age. Production and variable costs, gross production values (GPV), gross and net profits and proportional profitability were calculated for the unit area of production models. The study was conducted in 2018 and 2019 years. In 2018, the production model in which all the grapes were not harvested and the leaves were harvested 5 times had the highest values with a net profit of 1.166,5 TRY and proportional profitability of 1.57. In 2019, the model, in which grapes were harvested at a rate of 50% and the leaves were harvested 7 times, became the economically recommended variety for producers with a net profit of 4.664,3 TRY and proportional profitability of 2.69. It has been determined that although the quality of the grapes decreases as the number of grapes which are not harvested in the grapevines increases, the quality of the leaves has not decreased due to the number of harvests.