Tricuspid valve endocarditis patients who undergo tricuspid valve excision, repair, and replacement have similar 30-day operative mortality, as defined by The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Excision patients have significantly lower unplanned readmission rates at 1 year. Tricuspid valvectomy is an acceptable initial treatment in this high-risk group as part of a surgical strategy to identify patients who are candidates for eventual valve replacement. Further study of long-term outcomes and survival is warranted.

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Exposure to greenness has been studied through objective measures of remote visualization of greenspace; however, the link to how individuals interpret spaces as green is missing. We examined the associations between three objective greenspace measures with perceptions of greenness. We used a subsample (n = 175; 2018–2019) from an environmental cardiovascular risk cohort to investigate perceptions of residential greenness. Participants completed a 17-item survey electronically. Objective measurements of greenness within 300 m buffer around participants home included normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), tree canopy and leaf area index. Principal component analysis reduced the perceived greenspaces to three dimensions reflecting natural vegetation, tree cover and built greenspace such as parks. Our results suggest significant positive associations between NDVI, tree canopy and leaf area and perceived greenness reflecting playgrounds; also, associations between tree canopy and perceived greenness reflecting tree cover. These findings indicate that the most used objective greenness measure, NDVI, as well as tree canopy and leaf area may most align with perceptions of parks, whereas tree canopy alone captures individuals’ perceptions of tree cover. This highlights the need for research to understand the complexity of green metrics and careful interpretation of data based on the use of subjective or objective measures of greenness.

Background: Circulating angiogenic cells (CACs) are indicative of vascular health and repair capacity; however, their relationship with chronic e-cigarette use is unclear. This study aims to assess the association between e-cigarette use and CAC levels. Methods: We analyzed CAC levels in 324 healthy participants aged 21–45 years from the cross-sectional Cardiovascular Injury due to Tobacco Use study in four groups: never tobacco users ( n = 65), sole e-cigarette users ( n = 19), sole combustible cigarette users ( n = 212), and dual users ( n = 28). A total of 15 CAC subpopulations with four cell surface markers were measured using flow cytometry: CD146 (endothelial), CD34 (stem), CD45 (leukocyte), and AC133 (early progenitor/stem). Generalized linear models with gamma distribution and log-link were generated to assess association between CACs and smoking status. Benjamini-Hochberg were used to adjust p-values for multiple comparisons. Results: The cohort was 47% female, 51% Black/African American, with a mean (± SD) age of 31 ± 7 years. Sole cigarette use was significantly associated with higher levels of two endothelial marker CACs (Q ⩽ 0.05). Dual users had higher levels of four endothelial marker CACs and one early progenitor/stem marker CAC (Q ⩽ 0.05). Sole e-cigarette users had higher levels of one endothelial and one leukocyte marker CAC (Q ⩽ 0.05). Conclusion: Dual use of e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes was associated with higher levels of endothelial origin CACs, indicative of vascular injury. Sole use of e-cigarettes was associated with higher endothelial and inflammatory CACs, suggesting ongoing systemic injury. Distinct patterns of changes in CAC subpopulations suggest that CACs may be informative biomarkers of changes in vascular health due to tobacco product use.

Background: Circulating Angiogenic Cells (CAC) are known to aid in endothelial repair and are a promising marker of vascular function. Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) have been hypothesized to impact vascular health, however the association between ENDS and CACs is unknown. Hypothesis: We hypothesize that ENDS use, sole or dual, will be significantly associated with CAC levels. Methods: We analyzed CAC levels of 314 human participants enrolled in the Cardiovascular Injury due to Tobacco Use study, which is a multi-center cross-sectional study of healthy participants 21-45 years age, without known cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular disease risk factors. Four study groups were determined a priori - non-smokers (n=62), sole cigarette users (n=207), sole ENDS users (n=17), and dual users (cigarette and ENDS) (n=28). A total of 15 CACs were measured via a standardized flowcytometry protocol using four cell surface markers - CD146 (endothelial), CD34 (stem cell), CD45 (leukocyte), and ACC133 (early progenitor/stem cell). Regression analysis was conducted using a General Linear Model with gamma distribution and log-link. Model was adjusted for age, sex, race, ethnicity, and enrollment site. Results: Among sole ENDS users, two CACs were significantly higher and four CACs were significantly lower, as compared to referent non-smokers (all P<0.05) (Figure 1-A). Similarly, among dual users, seven CACs were significantly higher and one CAC was significantly lower, as compared to non-smokers (all P<0.05) (Figure 1-B). Conclusion: CACs are sensitive to ENDS use, including dual use. Although CACs with endothelial surface markers were most commonly associated with ENDS/dual use, CACs with stem and early progenitor surface markers were also associated with ENDS/dual use. CACs are promising biomarkers of vascular function and further research is needed to quantify the effect of individual CAC on vascular function.