Gelatine gels and gelatine/elastin gels have been prepared to be used in tissue engineered vascular grafts. Optical microscopy and AFM revealed that the gelatine formed nanofibrils as in soft collagen tissues. The gelatine/elastin gels were nanocomposites with flat elastin nanodomains embedded in the gelatine matrix mimicking the structure of the tunica media in arteries. Gelatine/"hydroxyapatite" nanocomposites were prepared with the in situ production of "hydroxyapatite" in solution. AFM revealed "hydroxyapatite" solid nanoparticles of about 20 nm size embedded in the gelatine matrix which formed a hierarchical structure similar to that of the collagen matrix in bone. The application of a magnetic field of 9.4 T resulted in the elongation and orientation of gelatine particles and orientation of gelatine microfibrils in a direction perpendicular to that of the magnetic field.3
Abstract-This study focuses on the preparation and testing of hydroxyapatite-gelatine nanocomposite gels via a sol-gel route and in situ formation of hydroxyapatite (HA) type salts. Four types of gels and foams were prepared with Ca/P molar ratio of 0.43 and 0.86 and hydroxyapatite/gelatine weight ratio of 0.50 and 0.70. Crosslinking of gelatine chains was carried out in 1% glutaraldehyde and dynamic mechanical torsion tests were used to measure the viscoelastic properties of the gels and foams, optimize the crosslinking time and assess their mechanical performance. Optical and atomic force microscopy were used to investigate the micro-and nano-structure of the produced composites: in these studies, it was confirmed that the gels were nanocomposites with a nano-structure very similar to that of bone and several similarities in the microstructural features. The best foams incorporated dual pore size distribution.
Polavaram Project is being executed on River Godavari near Ramayyapeta village of Polavaram Mandal, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh. This multipurpose major project envisages construction of 2454m long Earth-cum-Rock fill (ECRF) dam across river Godavari near Polavaram with a maximum height of 50.32m. The proposed ECRF dam will be founded on a bed of sand. The depth of sand bed over the underlying rock strata varies from 30m to 90m at different location. To restrict the flow of seepage water through the sand bed, a plastic concrete diaphragm wall/Cut-Off wall is proposed with its top end embedded in the clay core of the ECRF Dam and the bottom end embedded into underlying hard rock. The wall was constructed of plastic concrete using panel construction method. Plastic concrete was selected to provide a seepage Cut-Off wall that has sufficient strength to withstand both static and seismic stresses beneath the new embankment, and yet is flexible enough to undergo seismic deformations, without cracking, with the surrounding soils. This paper illustrates the construction of the plastic concrete Cut-Off wall for the Polavaram ECRF dam, including the field and laboratory testing performed to confirm design wall stiffness, strength, and hydraulic conductivity requirements. The trial laboratory and field testing programs to determine plastic concrete mix design, and the QA/QC testing conducted during construction are presented. Keywords: ECRF, Plastic concrete, Cut-Off wall, Hydraulic grab, Trench cutter, Koden, Tremie
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