The effects of trace element additions on the microstructure and age-hardening properties of Pb-Ca and P b -C a -S n alloys for maintenance-free batteries are reported. A specific laboratory casting procedure duplicating grid solidification conditions and the solidification-cast property relationships upon which it is based are discussed. It was found that bismuth, antimony, copper, and silver in amounts typical of high bismuth primary and refined secondary base leads have little or no influence on microstructure in Pb-0.085Ca and P b -0.085Ca-0.8Sn. The addition of trace elements increased the early hardness of Pb-0.085Ca-0.8Sn but had no effect in Pb-0.085Ca. * Electrochemical Society Active Member. ) unless CC License in place (see abstract). ecsdl.org/site/terms_use address. Redistribution subject to ECS terms of use (see 129.173.72.87 Downloaded on 2014-12-26 to IP
Microstructure, hardness, castability, and hydrogen evolution rate of cast SLI battery grids were determined for a wide range of Pb‐Ca and Pb‐Ca‐Sn alloy compositions. Calcium oxidation rate of the molten alloys was also studied. These properties were determined as a function of alloy composition, trace element content, and casting conditions. Grids were cast on a commercial calcium‐lead grid casting machine under production conditions. Grids were cast from two base leads: a low bismuth primary lead and a refined secondary lead containing bismuth, antimony, copper, and silver. Calcium was found to affect hardness and initial aging rate, while tin influenced grain size, castability, and calcium oxidation rate. Hydrogen evolution rate was also found to be a function of alloy composition. Trace element additions influenced hardness and hydrogen evolution in Pb‐Ca‐Sn alloys, and calcium oxidation rate and castability in Pb‐Ca alloys. Casting conditions influenced grain size and hardness at some alloy compositions.
Mikrostruk‐ tur, Härte, Gießbarkeit und H, ‐Entwicklungsgeschwindigkeit von gegossenen Akkumulatorplatten werden über einen weiten Bereich der Pb‐Ca‐ und Pb‐Ca‐Sn‐ Legierungszusammensetzungen sowie als Funktion vom Spurenelementgehalt (Bi, Sb, Cu, Ag) und von den Gießbedingungen bestimmt.
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