The need for application of modem approaches like Remote Sensing and GIS techniques has been emphasized for efficient management of water resources (Jha et aI., 2007). In recent years, use of satellite remote sensing data along with GIS and topographical maps has made it easier to establish the base line information on water resource planning. To identify the suitable sites for surface water conservation structures, GIS has been found to be an effective tool using satellite remote sensing data, topographical maps and collateral information (Krishnamurthy et al., 2000). The study on water budgeting was undertaken in order to assess the water deficit /surplus in every sub-watershed of Pingalgarh watershed located in Parbhani district of Maharashtra state (India). Various thematic maps viz., land use /cover, geomorphology, hydrological soil group, slope, Lineament, land capability, soil texture and soil depth were generated using RS and GIS. Drainage line delineation and water bodies mapping were undertaken using satellite images. The data on area of each crop and population in each sub watershed were collected to estimate the total water requirement. Cadastral map for the study area was geo-referenced. The surface runoff potential was estimated using curve number technique. Based on the water deficit in each sub watershed and by integrating the thematic maps of geomorphology, land use, soil texture and land slope by UNION tool in arc GIS, the suitable location of water harvesting structures were decided preferably on the 1st and 2ndorder streams and marked on the satellite image along with its latitude and longitude. Based on the present water deficit in each sub watershed and considering the geomorphology and land use, the water harvesting structures like cement plugs and percolation tanks are suggested for improving the surface and ground water availability.
A field experiment was conducted during consecutive three rabi seasons (2009-10, 2010-11 and 2011-12) at Water Management Research Station, Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani. Experiment had two main treatment of sorghum varieties as V1-SPV 1595 (Parbhani Jyoti) and V2-AKSV 18R (PKV Kranti) and five sub treatments of irrigation schedules such as I 1-drip at 100% ET c , I 2-drip at 75% ET c , I 3-drip at 100% ET c during critical growth stages only, I 4-surface control at 0.8 IW/CPE and I 5-rainfed in statistical design FRBD with three replications. Gross plot size of 6.6 x 5.4 m and net plot size of 4.8 x 6.0 m for wide row (2.4 x 6.0 m) for pair row of 30 cm after 90 cm spacing. Three years pooled data of rabi sorghum revealed significantly highest grain yield (57.67 q/ha) in treatment I 1 irrigation schedule. The next best irrigation schedule was I 2 with 53.78 q/ha grain yield. Irrigation treatments I 1 and I 2 were at par for grain yield and significantly superior over I 3 , I 4 , & I 5. Among different sorghum cultivar, PKV Kranti has recorded better grain yield (41.85 q/ha) as compared to Parbhani Jyoti (38.44 q/ha). Among different genotypes of rabi sorghum, the grain yield of PKV Kranti was found better for all irrigation schedules. Maximum water use efficiency was recorded (21.37 kg/ha mm.) for irrigation schedule at 75% ET c followed by irrigation schedule at 100% ET c (18.07 kg/ha mm) in 2011-12 year.
Planning and strategic management of irrigation water are the key elements for successful crop production. In this study, evaluation of crop coefficients (K C ) on daily and seasonal basis was accomplished for rabi (winter or post rainy) sorghum in semi-arid climatic conditions of India. The crop coefficients for sorghum were developed using lysimetric measured actual crop evapotranspiration (ET C ) and reference evapotranspiration (ET O ) based on the FAO 56 Penman Monteith Method (FP-M). The developed K C values for sorghum during initial, crop development, mid-season, late season stages and at harvest were 0.65, 0.60, 0.50, 0.24, and 0.14, respectively. The results indicated that the actual K C values were considerably different and lower than those suggested by FAO indicating the need for developing these values at the local scale. The measured K C in initial stage was higher than that of empirical K C suggested in FAO 56 whereas K C at development (pre-flowering) stage is in close conformity with that of FAO empirical K C when sufficient moisture was present in the soil. However, the unusual decreasing trend of measured K C from 55 days after sowing of crop at flowering and grain formation stage strongly pointed towards the need of at least two protective irrigations for successful sorghum crop production if grown under rainfed situations.
Morphometric analysis of Pingalgarh watershed in Maharashtra state was carried out using remote sensing and GIS techniques for 1977 and 2016. Detailed drainage map was prepared from LISS-IV high resolution satellite image of 20th November 2016 to assess the present situation and from Geo-referenced toposheet on 1:50,000 scale for the year 1977 to bring out the past condition. These maps were used for morphometric analysis and also for runoff estimation. Low drainage density values indicated that the area was underlain by moderately impermeable sub-surface material. Circularity and elongation ratio showed that the watershed had elongated shape. Due to change in land use, the total stream length in the watershed had reduced. The low to moderate value of basin relief indicated gravity of water flow, moderate infiltration and runoff condition of the study area. The length of overland flow indicating the long flow path with moderate ground slope, reflecting the areas associated with moderate runoff and infiltration. Low values of relief are the characteristic features of less resistant rocks of the area. Due to change in land use and cropping pattern over a period of time, the time of concentration was reduced in the later stage resulting in increase in peak runoff rate.
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