Seed coat color is an important trait highly affecting the seed quality and flesh appearance of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). However, the molecular regulation mechanism of seed coat color in watermelon is still unclear. In the present study, genetic analysis was performed by evaluating F 1 , F 2 and BC 1 populations derived from two parental lines (9904 with light yellow seeds and Handel with black seeds), suggesting that a single dominant gene controls the black seed coat. The initial mapping result revealed a region of interest spanning 370 kb on chromosome 3. Genetic mapping with CAPS and SNP markers narrowed down the candidate region to 70.2 kb. Sequence alignment of the three putative genes in the candidate region suggested that there was a single-nucleotide insertion in the coding region of Cla019481 in 9904, resulting in a frameshift mutation and premature stop codon. The results indicated that Cla019481 named ClCS1 was the candidate gene for black seed coat color in watermelon. In addition, gene annotation revealed that Cla019481 encoded a polyphenol oxidase (PPO), which involved in the oxidation step of the melanin biosynthesis. This research finding will facilitate maker-assisted selection in watermelon and provide evidence for the study of black seed coat coloration in plants.
This study provides an insight into a province of Santa Fe region of a developing country, namely San Cristobal and Huanqueros, Argentina and a possible link between arsenic, copper and iron concentration in toenail, fingernail and hair in the population. A multivariate statistical tool, known as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to explain the behaviour of the elements in toenails, fingernails, drinking waters and hair using multi- base 2013 excel add- ins. Correlation test, error bars, and a 2-factor ANOVA test were employed. Results from one hundred and twenty- nine (n=129) samples of tap well water (n=23), rainwater (n=20), bottled water (n=6) and treated well water (n=80) and each of toenail, fingernail and hair (n=129) samples from the subjects were determined and the results compared with the previous works. Mean, standard deviation, covariance and maximum and minimum for each variable were reported. The hypothesis is to understand if there is a correlation between fingernail and toenail metals levels and make a comparison with previous researches. Results show that a positive correlation exists between fingernail and toenail metals concentrations. Also, the study reveals higher concentrations of arsenic, copper and iron in the samples tissues compared with the values available in the previous works. The elevated levels of these metals may be attributed to the drinking water sources. Since this study highlighted elevated levels of these metals, consumptions of contaminated drinking water should be constantly monitored. Finally, the application of multivariate statistical techniques can provide powerful information on heavy metals bioaccumulation analysis in human and environment.
The main aim of this work is to investigate the antiseptic properties of Azadirachta indica (Neem) tree parts (leaves, barks and seeds). The extracts were used in the production of soap samples of various concentrations (20 mg/cm3, 15 mg/cm3, 10 mg/cm3 and 5 mg/cm3). Inhibitory Activity sensitivity test using Agar-well Diffusion Method was employed to test the antibacterial activities of the soap samples on two bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and Propionibacterium acnes. The results show that soap samples from the Neem parts exhibited antiseptic properties against the bacteria tested. According to the results, the Neem bark soap produces the highest level of effectiveness across the entire concentration spectrum, followed by the Neem seed soap. The Neem leaves soap produced the lowest level of effectiveness against the two bacteria. The order of effectiveness of the soap samples is: NBRK (Neem barks) > NSED (Neem seeds) > NLVS (Neem leaves). The commercial soap (NRMS) used as a control sample did not exhibit antibacterial activity against the two microbes.
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