The core fucosylation of N-glycans on glycoproteins is catalyzed by fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8) in mammalian cells and is involved in various biological functions, such as protein function, cancer progression, and postnatal development. The substrate specificity of FUT8 toward bi-antennary N-glycans has been reported, but it is unclear with regard to tri-antennary and tetra-antennary glycans. Here, we examined the specificity and activity of human FUT8 toward tri- and tetra-antennary N-glycans in the forms of glycopeptides. We found that the tri-antennary glycan [A3(2,4,2) type] terminated with N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), which is generated by N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GnT)-IV, is a good substrate for FUT8, but the A3(2,2,6) type of tri-antennary glycan, generated by GnT-V, is not a substrate for FUT8. We also observed that core fucosylation reduced the activity of GnT-IV toward the bi-antennary glycan. Examining the correlation between the types of N-glycans and the expression levels of FUT8, GnT-IV, and GnT-V in cells revealed that these glycosyltransferases, particularly GnT-IV, play important roles in directing the branching and core fucosylation of N-glycans in vivo. This study thus provides insights into the interplay among FUT8, GnT-IV, and GnT-V in N-linked glycosylation during the assembly of glycoproteins.
Implant extrusion in subtalar arthroereisis is a common complication for pediatric flexible flatfoot. However, there were a limited number of articles addressing the body weight effects on implant extrusion after the procedure. We conducted a 24-month follow-up assessment after subtalar arthroereisis. Surgical patients who underwent the Vulpius procedure were retrospectively collected from May 2010 to January 2017, including 59 cases of both feet having implants in situ and 43 cases of both feet having implant extrusion. The average age of 102 patients was 9 years old. The mean body mass index (BMI) of the implant in situ group was 19.5, whilst the extrusion group was 21.2 (p = 0.035). The inter-observer correlation was excellent. There were 11 cases (39.3%) of bilateral extrusion in the overweight group (BMI ≥ 24) and 13 cases (23.2%) in the low body weight group (BMI ≤ 18.5) (p < 0.0004). Postoperative radiographic angles were corrected in both the implant in situ group and the extrusion group. Nonetheless, the implant in situ group revealed better postoperative outcomes of Meary’s angle and the talonavicular angle from an anterior-posterior view, and the talar inclination angle from a lateral view. We conclude that a higher BMI is related to implant extrusion and worse results after subtalar arthroereisis. Further prospective study to investigate whether preoperative weight loss results in improved surgical outcomes is warranted in the future.
High rates of anterior-inclined osteotomy have been described previously as well as in this study. Anterior-inclined osteotomy tends to result in the anterior translation of the proximal fragment. This may result in increased vertical vector force onto the patellofemoral joint, which further accelerates patellofemoral joint degeneration. Therefore, surgeons should attempt to perform parallel osteotomy or avoid anterior displacement of the proximal fragment if there is concern of anterior-inclined osteotomy.
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