Nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of the androgen receptor (AR) represents an essential step in androgen action. To determine whether the amino-terminal domain (NTD) contains potential nuclear import and/or export signals, deletion mutants of the NTD tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP) were generated and tested for their intracellular localization in both AR-negative and AR-positive cell lines. Subcellular localization analysis suggested a role of the NTD in regulating AR subcellular localization and revealed that the region of a.a. 50-250 of the NTD of AR (AR50-250) could promote cytoplasmic localization. Leptomycin B inhibited the activity of AR50-250, suggesting that AR50-250 export is mediated through exportin 1, either directly or indirectly. These observations argue for an important role of the NTD in regulating AR nucleocytoplasmic trafficking and will facilitate further investigation of interactions among different signals in regulating AR nucleocytoplasmic trafficking, which may lead to new approaches to inhibit AR nuclear localization.
Objective
To enhance cancer prevention and survivorship care by local health care providers, a school of public health introduced an innovative telelearning continuing education program using the Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes (ECHO) model. In ECHO’s hub and spoke structure, synchronous videoconferencing connects frontline health professionals at various locations (“spokes”) with experts at the facilitation center (“hub”). Sessions include experts’ didactic presentations and case discussions led by spoke site participants. The objective of this study was to gain a better understanding of the reasons individuals choose or decline to participate in the Cancer ECHO program and to identify incentives and barriers to doing so.
Materials and methods
Study participants were recruited from the hub team, spoke site participants, and providers who attended another ECHO program but not this one. Participants chose to take a survey or be interviewed. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research guided qualitative data coding and analysis.
Results
We conducted 22 semistructured interviews and collected 30 surveys. Incentives identified included the program’s high-quality design, supportive learning climate, and access to information. Barriers included a lack of external incentives to participate and limited time available. Participants wanted more adaptability in program timing to fit providers’ busy schedules.
Conclusion
Although the merits of the Cancer ECHO program were widely acknowledged, adaptations to facilitate participation and emphasize the program’s benefits may help overcome barriers to attending. As the number of telelearning programs grows, the results of this study point to ways to expand participation and spread health benefits more widely.
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