The ongoing 2022 monkeypox virus outbreak has disproportionately impacted men who have sex with men and is associated with an increased frequency of atypical symptoms. The impetus for this outbreak is currently unknown. Experts suggest it may be related to the cessation of routine smallpox vaccination globally and biological changes in the monkeypox virus itself. Human monkeypox infection is classically associated with a fever prodrome followed by the eruption of small macules at the site of inoculation and when disseminating. The lesions then develop into a papule within 1–2 days and turn it a vesicle that pustulate with central umbilication within 5–7 days. They may ulcerate as they heal but will eventually begin to scab and new skin will form which often leaves a hyperpigmented or pitting scar. The overall process can take 2–3 weeks to heal entirely depending on the immune status of the host and other factors, such as antiviral treatment and previous vaccination. Primary inoculation of the monkeypox virus in the perianal region can lead to the development of single or multiple vesiculopustular lesions. They can appear similar to other sexually transmitted infections which could lead to a misdiagnosis. We present two separate cases of human monkeypox infection in men who have sex with men and concomitant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease who both presented for anogenital lesions and proctitis who were successfully treated with tecovirimat. Treatment with tecovirimat has been shown to reduce symptoms and duration of illness. However, the unique features of the 2022 monkeypox virus outbreak necessitate further research to better understand the efficacy of this antiviral in the current monkeypox outbreak.
Objectives We sought to determine the comparative efficacy of fosfomycin vs. ertapenem for outpatient treatment of complicated urinary tract infections (cUTI). Methods We conducted a multi-centered, retrospective cohort study involving patients with cUTI treated with outpatient oral fosfomycin vs. intravenous ertapenem at three public hospitals in Los Angeles County between January 2018 and September 2020. The primary outcome was resolution of clinical symptoms 30 days after diagnosis. Results We identified 322 patients with cUTI treated with fosfomycin (n = 110) or ertapenem (n = 212) meeting study criteria. Study arms had similar demographics, although patients treated with ertapenem more frequently had pyelonephritis or bacteremia while fosfomycin-treated patients had more retained catheters, nephrolithiasis, or urinary obstruction. Most infections were due to extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae; 80-90% of which were resistant to other oral options. Adjusted odds ratios for clinical success at 30 days, clinical success at last follow up, and relapse were 1.21 (0.68 to 2.16), 0.84 (0.46 to 1.52), and 0.94 (0.52 to 1.70), for fosfomycin vs. ertapenem, respectively. Patients treated with fosfomycin had significant reductions in length of hospital stay and length of antimicrobial therapy, and fewer adverse events (1 vs. 10). Fosfomycin outcomes were similar irrespective of duration of lead-in IV therapy or fosfomycin dosing interval (daily, every other day, every third day). Conclusion These results would support the conduct of a randomized controlled trial to verify efficacy. In the meantime, they suggest fosfomycin may be a reasonable stepdown from IV antibiotics for cUTI.
BackgroundVirologic suppression is necessary to reduce the risk of complications from HIV infection and to prevent transmission to other individuals. Understanding factors associated with elevated HIV RNA levels in HIV-infected individuals could lead to interventions to improve engagement in care.MethodsThis retrospective, observational study assessed HIV-infected individuals engaged in care in an urban HIV clinic between April 1, 2015 and March 31, 2016. The electronic medical record was reviewed for demographic and HIV-related factors for all individuals with elevated HIV RNA PCR ≥200 copies/mL (EVL) during the study period. Demographic data were compared with individuals with decreased HIV RNA PCR (DVL) <200 copies/mL. Patients with recent HIV diagnosis within 6 months of EVL were excluded due to the possibility of insufficient time to achieve viral suppression after engagement in care. Statistical analysis including Student T-test and Chi Square test was conducted in SPSS, version 24.ResultsThere were 519 individuals with EVL with 72 (13.9%) excluded due to recent HIV infection. Of 1,789 patients included in this analysis, 447 (25.0%) had an EVL. The median HIV RNA PCR was 7,240 copies/mL (range 200 to 6,720,990) and median CD4 count was 411 cells/mm3(range 1 to 1,510) in the EVL group. Individuals with EVL were more likely to be younger (mean EVL group age 43.4 years ± S.D. 11.7, range 22–77 vs. 47.5 years ± S.D. 12.4, range 19–84 in DVL group) (P < 0.0001). Individuals with EVL were more likely to be Black (82.1%) (with White 9.2% and Hispanic 8.7%) compared with those with DVL (74.8% Black, 12.4% White, 11.6% Hispanic, 1.6% other) (P = 0.004). The EVL group was 59.3% male, 39.8% female and 0.9% transgender vs. 64.8% male, 34.3% female, and 1.0% transgender in the DVL group. The main risk factors for HIV acquisition were heterosexual sex (46.3% of EVL vs. 43.4% DVL), men who have sex with men (31.8% vs. 36.4%) and injection drug use (14.3% vs. 14.6%). There were no significant differences in gender or risk factors for HIV acquisition between the two groups.ConclusionDecreased levels of HIV viremia is a major focus of quality HIV care. Younger age and Black race were associated with elevated HIV RNA levels in individuals engaged in care in a large urban HIV clinic.Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
Prostate abscesses in developed countries are becoming increasingly less common. Left untreated these abscesses can lead to numerous complications, including some which are very rare.
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