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Different methods to analyze formaldehyde from proppants was investigated under lab-simulated downhole conditions.

Simple, cheap, and reliable treatment of produced water will transform the economics and viability of unconventional plays. Produced water recycle not only creates options to minimize fresh water usage; in local areas it can take tens of thousands of water hauling trucks off the road and significantly reduce salt water disposal. This is no pipe dream. A novel process based on a step-change in the application of chlorine dioxide chemistry has been proven to work and consistently generate frac-compatible fluid at several company facilities in Texas. The solution is an inline system that simplifies the operation, optimizes chemical consumption, and enables continuous on-the-fly treatment. Case studies over multiple years and greater than 18 million barrels used at the field level show that produced water is being recycled for less than half the equivalent cost of using fresh water.

An experimental and analytical evaluation of the compressive response of two composite, notched stiffened panels representative of primary composite wing structure is presented. A three-dimensional full-eld image correlation technique is used to measure all three displacement components over global and local areas of the test panels. Pointwise and full-eld results obtained using the image correlation technique are presented and compared to experimental results and analytical results obtained using nonlinear nite element analysis. Both global and global-local image correlation results are presented and discussed. Results of a simple calibration test of this image correlation technique are also presented.

An experimental and analytical evaluation of the compressive response of two composite, notched stiffened panels representative of primary composite wing structure is presented. A three-dimensional full-field image correlation technique is used to measure all three displacement components over global and local areas of the test panels. Point-wise and full-field results obtained using the image correlation technique are presented and compared to experimental results and analytical results obtained using nonlinear finite element analysis. Both global and global-local image correlation results are presented and discussed. Results of a simple calibration test of this image correlation technique are also presented.

Whodunit? [Re(phen)(CO)3Cl] (phen=1,10‐phenanthroline) has been entrapped within a faujasite zeolite. For this material, changes in the photoluminescence intensity, wavelength, and lifetime are observed upon exposure to solvent vapors. Every solvent vapor produces a unique combination of photophysical parameters that can be used as a fingerprint of the vapor.

Wer war's? [Re(phen)(CO)3Cl] (phen=1,10‐Phenanthrolin) wurde in einem Faujasit‐Zeolith eingeschlossen. Für dieses Material wurden in der Gegenwart von Lösungsmitteldämpfen Änderungen in Intensität, Wellenlänge und Dauer der Photolumineszenz beobachtet. Jeder Lösungsmitteldampf führt zu einer spezifischen Kombination photophysikalischer Parameter, die somit als Fingerabdruck dieses Dampfes verwendet werden können.

In hydraulic fracturing, large amounts of water are pumped at high speed down the wellbore. To reduce pump pressure and costs, a friction reducer is added to the stream. There is currently no unified performance criteria for selection of friction reducers. This work outlines the methodology for producing such a unified method of comparing performance between any friction reducer chemical additives, both liquid and dry powder. A 0.5 inch stainless steel high-flow low-shear flow loop pumping at ranges between three and twenty gallons per minute was custom-built. The loop uses a Coriolis flow meter, two absolute pressure transducers, and one differential pressure transducer to accurately determine the friction reducer additive performance in any given fluid by measuring pressure drop across a section of developed flow. This paper utilizes over 400 in-house flow loop tests to establish a novel unified ranking system for the evaluation of friction reducers’ performance. The ranking is independent of the type of friction reducer used and quality of water. Produced waters, fresh water, treated produced waters, and synthetic waters were all used to validate the methodology and ranking system to create a unified criteria to compare performance of any friction reducers. Tomson Technologies created a standardized metric for assessing and ranking friction reducer performance. This standardization was achieved through the use of an unique performance scale comprised of the weighted average of the most important friction reduction parameters of a friction reducer in any produced water: (1) inversion time (InvT), (2) maximum percent friction reduction (Max% FR), (3) time to sustain maximum percent friction reduction (RetT@%Avg.FRmax), and (4) the percent friction reduction at the end of 500 seconds (% FR@500s). 500 seconds is used because fluid during hydraulic fractures travels from the pumps to the reservoir in 500 or fewer seconds in almost all cases. This scale is measured in a new unit called "Friction Reducer Units" (FRU), which ranges from 0 to 10. FRU has been used to rank and correlate the performance of different classes of friction reducers in various types of waters, resulting in a comprehensive results database and is used to show applicability of the overall metric.