Now-days, water plays an important role in human beings, natural environment and social development, but the subsequences of water use are municipal wastewaters and industrial wastewaters. Therefore, how to treat wastewaters and make them reusable is not only an important task but also an urgent problem to be solved 1 . Pollution by heavy metals is currently of great concern, due to the increased awareness of the potentially hazardous effects of elevated levels of these materials in the environment 2,3 .Many plating industries release heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, chromium, copper, zinc, iron and nickel in wastewaters. These heavy metals that find many useful applications in our life are very harmful if discharged into natural water resources and pose a serious health hazard 4-12 .The most popular method to treat heavy metal containing wastewaters is chemical precipitation that uses alkaline to raise the solution pH to allow the formation of heavy metal hydroxide precipitate followed by filtration or other solid/liquid separation processes. Although the chemical precipitation method is quite effective for heavy metal removal, the resultant heavy metal sludge is classified as a hazardous solid waste and needs to be adequately treated. Sometimes, treating heavy metal sludge is more difficult than treating heavy metal-containing wastewaters. Therefore, other methods such as electrodialysis 13-17 , reverse osmosis 16,17 , biosorption including some economic bio-adsorbent 18-23 , adsorption 24-28 and ion exchange process are developed to remove heavy metals from industrial wastewaters. Among There are many methods available to remove heavy metal ions from wastewater and default water alike. Among all the available methods, ion exchange is considered to be the most simple and efficient one. Two strong acid cation-exchanger resins, Amberlite 252 and Amberjet 1200 were used for the removal of copper(II) and zinc(II) from synthetic rinsewater. The accumulated information of the comparison mentioned above was shown in column system as concentration copper(II) 350 mg/L and zinc(II) 600 mg/L, flow rate of 2.5 mL/min and 35 g of adsorbent. The results obtained show that the Amberjet 1200 strong cation-exchange resin performed well for the adsorbed these two metals from synthetic rinsewater of the electroplating industries.
A dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) technique based on a solidification-of-floating-organic-drop (SFOD) procedure was developed for the determination of trace amounts of cadmium (Cd) by using a flame atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS) fitted with a slotted quartz tube (SQT). The extraction of Cd was achieved by forming a complex with diphenylcarbazone. Parameters affecting the formation of complex and extraction outputs were carefully optimized to obtain high-absorbance signals to achieve lower LODs. An SQT was fitted on top of the flame burner head to further enhance the absorbance of the signals recorded by the FAAS. Coupling the DLLME-SFOD procedure with SQT-FAAS produced an enhancement factor of about 183. The LOD of the method was 0.23 µg/L with an RSD of 3.8%. Matrix-matching was used to overcome any low recovery results obtained with tap water and municipal wastewater.
This work presents a sensitive and rapid analytical method for the determination of oxcarbazepine in human plasma and urine samples. A vortex‐assisted switchable hydrophilicity solvent‐based liquid phase microextraction (VA–SHS–LPME) was used to preconcentrate oxcarbazepine from the samples before the determination by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The switchable hydrophilicity solvent was synthesized by protonating N,N‐dimethylbenzylamine with carbon dioxide to make it totally miscible with an equivalent volume of water. Parameters of the VA–SHS–LPME method including volume of switchable hydrophilicity solvent, concentration/volume of sodium hydroxide and vortex period were systematically optimized. Under the optimum conditions, good linearity ranging from 27.03 to 353.47 μg/kg was obtained for the analyte. Limit of detection and quantitation values were found to be 6.2 and 21 μg/kg (mass base), respectively. The relative standard deviation was calculated as 6.9% for six replicate measurements of the lowest concentration of the calibration plot. Satisfactory recovery results were calculated in the range of 97–100% for human plasma and urine samples spiked at five different concentrations.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.