Distributed control and optimization strategies are a promising alternative approach to centralized control within microgrids. In this paper, a multi-agent system is developed to deal with the distributed secondary control of islanded microgrids. Two main challenges are identified in the coordination of a microgrid: (i) interoperability among equipment from different vendors; and (ii) online re-configuration of the network in the case of alteration of topology. To cope with these challenges, the agents are designed to communicate with physical devices via the industrial standard IEC 61850 and incorporate a plug and play feature. This allows interoperability within a microgrid at agent layer as well as allows for online re-configuration upon topology alteration. A test case of distributed frequency control of islanded microgrid with various scenarios was conducted to validate the operation of proposed approach under controller and power hardware-in-the-loop environment, comprising prototypical hardware agent systems and realistic communications network.

Continuum media from classical mechanics cannot appropriately reproduce the evolution of materials exhibiting strong heterogeneities in the strain field, e.g. strain localization. Models without a microscale representation cannot properly reproduce the microscale mechanisms that trigger the strain localization, in addition, first gradient relations don't present any length parameter in the formulation. This results in a model without a characteristic length that cannot exhibit any objective band width. In this paper, techniques to introduce an internal length will be enumerated. Microstuctured materials will be retained and in particular Second Gradient model will be exposed and used along with a FEMxDEM approach. Numerical results showing the abilities of the enriched model will conclude the text.

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Distributed control and optimization strategies in power systems are gaining more and more attention, especially with the increasing penetration and integration of distributed generation. These novel distributed control and optimization algorithms need to be rigorously validated before their widescale deployment and acceptance. In this paper, a testing rig comprising real-time simulation with control and power hardware in the loop capability, with a multi-agent system platform and realistic communications emulation is utilized for the systems level validation of a distributed frequency control algorithm. The distributed frequency control is implemented within an islanded microgrid and its performance under two disturbances is assessed under real-world conditions. Index Terms-distributed control, multi-agent system, realtime simulation, power hardware in the loop, frequency control.

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