OBJECTIVEEnhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) is a multimodal approach that aims to improve perioperative surgical outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the benefits of ERAS in terms of cost-effectiveness and postoperative outcomes in single-level lumbar microdiscectomy.METHODSThis study was a single-center retrospective comparing costs and outcomes before and after implementation of the ERAS pathway. Data were collected from the electronic medical records of patients who had undergone single-level lumbar microdiscectomy during 2 time periods—during the 2 years preceding implementation of the ERAS pathway (pre-ERAS group) and after implementation of the ERAS pathway (ERAS group). Each group consisted of 60 patients with an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Physical Status Classification of class 1. Patients were excluded if their physical status was classified as ASA class II–V or if they were younger than 18 years or older than 65.Groups were compared in terms of age, sex, body mass index (BMI), perioperative hemodynamics, operation time, intraoperative blood loss, intraoperative fluid administration, intraoperative opioid administration, time to first oral intake, time to first mobilization, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), difference between preoperative and postoperative visual analog scale (VAS) scores, postoperative analgesic requirements, length of hospital stay, and cost of anesthesia.RESULTSThe ERAS and pre-ERAS groups were comparable with respect to age, sex, and BMI. Operation time, intraoperative blood loss, intraoperative opioid administration, and intraoperative fluid administration were all less in the ERAS group. First oral intake and first mobilization were earlier in the ERAS group. The incidence of PONV was less in the ERAS group. Postoperative analgesic requirements and postoperative VAS scores were significantly less in the ERAS group. The length of hospital stay was found to be shorter in the ERAS group. The ERAS approach was found to be cost-effective.CONCLUSIONSERAS had clinical and economic benefits and is associated with improved outcomes in lumbar microdiscectomy.

This research was managed to identify the effects of the different seed quantity (5, 10, 15 and 20 kg.ha–1) and row interval (15 and 30 cm) on the yields and the volatile oil components of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) under the Harran Plain conditions, during 2013 and 2014 years. The study was established according to the split plot in randomised complete block design. Seed and volatile oil yields, volatile oil ratio and volatile oil components were importantly affected seed quantity and row interval. The transaction of 15 cm × 10 kg.ha–1, the highest seed and volatile oil yield were taken, was determined to be the most suitable. The trans-anethole was taken the primary component under all transactions and it was changed to depend on the row interval and seed quantities.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of squares and flowers removal on flower distribution on plant, flowering pattern, square and flower shedding rates and boll retention rate of cotton plant (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Field experiments were conducted at research field of the Harran University Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops in years of 1998 and 1999 at southeastern of Turkey. Experiments were arranged in completely randomized block design with four replications. The Sayar 314 cotton (G. hirsutum L.) variety was used as plant material. Squares were removed through first two weeks of squaring (SR1-2), and flowers were removed with two weeks intervals from flowering initiation to the end of the tenth week of flowering (FR1-2, FR3-4, FR5-6, FR7-8, FR9-10) and control. Effects of removal treatments on investigated traits were different. In general, effects of FR7-8 and FR9-10 were similar to control on most of the investigated traits. SR1-2, FR1-2 and FR3-4, have changed the flowering pattern and plants reached peak flowering later than control and addition to these treatments FR5-6 has lightened or perevented cut-out, too. Square and flower removals increased the numbers of square and flower in both years. Square numbers were increased from 78.6 to 84.9 and 79.0 to 86.1 per plant by SR1-2 in 1998 and 1999, respectively. Flower numbers increased from 58.38 to 65.00 and 59.53 to 65.30 per plant in FR3-4, in 1998 and 1999, respectively. Square shedding rate was reduced by removal treatments. Boll retention rate was increased by removal treatments. Also, percentage of flower and shedding square, and boll retention rate on positions of fruiting branches were affected by removal treatments.