PURPOSE:To evaluate the analgesic and neuroendocrine effects of electroanalgesia in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. METHODS:Eighteen dogs were randomly distributed to three groups of six animals each and received either electrical stimuli at acupuncture points (EA), at peri-incisional dermatomes (DER) and at both acupuncture points and peri-incisional dermatomes (EAD).Pre-anesthetic medication was acepromazine (0.05mg kg -1 , IV). Anesthesia was induced with propofol (4 to 5mg kg -1 , IV) and maintained with isoflurane. Postoperatively pain degree was measured using a numerical rating scale. Dogs were scored at 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours postoperative. If the pain score was ≥6, supplemental morphine (0.5mg kg -1 , IM) was administered. Serum cortisol concentration was measured before pre-anesthetic medication (basal), and at 1, 12 and 24 hours postoperative. RESULTS:EA and EAD-treated dogs had lower pain scores than DER treated dogs one hour postoperatively. Fewer EA and EADtreated dogs required rescue analgesia. Serum cortisol did not differ among treatments. CONCLUSION:Preoperative application of electrical stimuli to acupuncture points isolated or in combination with periincisional dermatomes provides a reduced postoperative opioid requirement and promotes an effective analgesia in dogs undergoing ovariohyterectomy.Key words: Electroacupuncture. Analgesia. Ovary. Hysterectomy. Salpingectomy. Dogs. RESUMO OBJETIVO:Avaliar os efeitos analgésicos e neuroendócrinos da eletroanalgesia em cadelas encaminhadas para ovariossalpingohisterectomia. MÉTODOS:Foram avaliadas 18 cadelas, distribuídas aleatoriamente em três tratamentos de seis animais cada: aplicação de estímulo elétrico em pontos de acupuntura (EA), em dermátomos periincisionais (DER) e em pontos de acupuntura associados aos dermátomos periincisionais (EAD). Todos os animais foram tranquilizados com acepromazina (0,05mg kg -1 , IV), seguindo-se a indução com propofol (4 a 5mg kg -1 , IV) e manutenção anestésica com isofluorano. O grau de analgesia foi avaliado 1, 3, 6, 12 e 24 horas após a cirurgia mediante escala descritiva numérica. Animais com escores ≥6 receberam analgesia de resgate com morfina (0,5mg kg -1 , IM). A concentração sérica de cortisol foi avaliada antes da tranquilização, 1, 12 e 24 horas após a cirurgia. RESULTADOS:Escores inferiores de dor foram observados nos tratamentos EA e EAD em relação ao DER na primeira hora pós-operatória. A analgesia de resgate foi menos requerida nos animais dos tratamentos EA e EAD. O cortisol não diferiu entre os tratamentos.CONCLUSÃO: A eletroestimulação de acupontos isolados ou associados aos dermátomos periincisionais reduz o requerimento pós-operatório de opioides, bem como confere efetiva analgesia para cadelas submetidas à ovariossalpingohisterectomia.
A presente revisão teve por objetivos descrever aspectos das fraturas em aves, alguns métodos de imobilização e as complicações das fraturas. Embora os princípios de reparo da fratura em aves seja similar aos de pequenos animais, existem diferenças que precisam ser consideradas no momento da aplicação do método de imobilização. As fraturas em aves podem ser imobilizadas por meio da coaptação externa (talas e bandagens), fixação interna (pinos, fios de cerclagem, placas ósseas) e fixação externa, entre outros, cada qual com suas vantagens e desvantagens. A severidade da fratura interfere na taxa e curso da consolidação; contudo, a estabilidade clínica pode preceder a evidência radiográfica, que é visibilizada entre 3 e 6 semanas. As fraturas em aves tendem a ser expostas e cominutivas, em virtude da insuficiente cobertura de tecidos moles. Quando expostas, as fraturas apresentam alto risco de osteomielite e, consequentemente, podem desenvolver união atrasada ou não-união.
Polymethylmethacrylate bone cement is a standard material used as antibiotic carrier in the orthopedic surgery. The ultrasonic energy method is capable of triggering biological effects based on both thermal and non-thermal mechanisms. The aim of the current study is to analyze methylene blue dispersion in polymethylmethacrylate beads, in association with the acoustic field generated by non-thermal ultrasound. Forty-nine specimens were used, and each specimen comprised one polymethylmethacrylate bead (0.6-mm diameter) doped with methylene blue and deposited in gelatin sample. Forty test specimens were divided into four groups comprising 10 samples, each, based on different ultrasound intensities (Group 1: 1.0 W/cm2; Group 2: 1.5 W/cm2) and polymethylmethacrylate bead depths (A - 2 cm; B - 3 cm) in gelatin sample. The control group comprised other nine specimens and statistically differed from the other groups. All groups irradiated with ultrasound have shown statistically significant differences in methylene blue dispersion, except for Groups 2A and 2B. Methylene blue dispersion in gelatin among groups was 1A> 1B; 2A> 1A; 2B> 1A; 2A> 1B; and 2B> 1B. Low-intensity ultrasound enabled the highest methylene blue dispersion when polymethylmethacrylate bead was positioned superficial; bead depth associated with high-intensity ultrasound did not influence methylene blue dispersion.
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