Animal food sources provide human beings with minerals considerably in adequate quantities. Fish is an indispensable reliable source of nutrients, as aquaculture is a sector that is fast growing and which provides 50% of the world's fish production. However, fish production is hampered by the increasing costs of feeds due to the ever rising cost of fish meal, an integral component of fish feeds. Substituting fish meal with cheap, yet highly nutritious ingredients in fish feeds is therefore paramount. This study investigated the effects of substituting fish meal with adult cricket meal (ACM) and black soldier fly meal (BSFM) on minerals content of extruded fish feeds, where four levels of substitution (0, 25, 50 and 75%) were used. The effect of feed moisture content on minerals was also studied where 20 and 30% feed moisture levels were used. Leaching effects of the pellets were studied as well. The results showed a significant increase (P \ 0.05) in the levels of phosphorus and potassium as the level of fish meal substitution increased from 0 to 75%. On the other hand, iron and sodium levels reduced significantly (P \ 0.05) as the level of fish meal substitution increased. Magnesium content increased with increasing level of substitution with BSFM, but decreased with increasing level of substitution with ACM. Copper, zinc and manganese were not greatly influenced by levels of fish meal substitution. Diets that had zero substitution showed higher leaching effect for most minerals than diets that were substituted with 75% ACM or BSFM. This study found that both ACM and BSFM can be used to substitute fish meal in fish feeds and obtain adequate mineral profile and low leaching effect.

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Our aim was to systematically identify and compare how generic medications, as defined by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), World Health Organization (WHO), and European Medicines Agency (EMA), are classified and defined by regulatory agencies around the world. We focused on emerging markets and selected the most populated countries in each of the WHO regions: Africa, the Americas, Eastern Mediterranean, Europe, Southeast Asia, and Western Pacific. A structured review of published literature was performed through December 2013. Direct information from regulatory agencies and Ministries of Health for each country was extracted. Additionally, key informant interviews were performed for validation. Of the 21 countries selected, approximately half provided an official country-level definition for generic pharmaceuticals. The others did not have any definition or referred to the WHO. Only two-thirds of the countries had specific requirements for generic pharmaceuticals, often associated with clinical interchangeability. Most countries with requirements mention bioequivalence, but few required bioavailability studies explicitly. Over 30 % of the countries had other terms associated with generics in their definitions and processes. In countries with generic drug policies, there is reference to patent and/or data protection during the drug registration process. Several countries do not mention good manufacturing practices as part of the evaluation process. Countries in Africa and Eastern Mediterranean regions appear to have a less developed regulatory framework. In summary, there is significant variability in the definition and classification of generic drugs in emerging markets. Standardization of the definitions is necessary to make international comparisons viable.

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Abstract— The increase in the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from cortical slices of rat brain elicited by the depolarizing agents, ouabain and tityustoxin (TsTX) was compared in the presence of tetrodotoxin, an inhibitor of Na+ transport and of ethyleneglycol tetraacetic acid, a specific chelator of Ca2+. TsTX stimulated the release of ACh independently of K1 but required both Na+ and Ca2+. Unlike ouabain, TsTX failed to inhibit the Na+, K+ ‐ATPase of rat brain homogenates. The uptake of 24Na+ and of 45Ca2+ by the slices was significantly enhanced by TsTX over the entire incubation period during which this process was compared to TsTX‐free controls. A hypothesis of TsTX action is proposed which differs from that necessary to explain the ACh releasing effect of ouabain.

Down syndrome is caused by the presence of three chromosomes 21 in all or most cells of a person [1]. A person with Down syndrome has different chronological and functional age, so the same response is not expected as those without the syndrome [2]. This deficiency stems from brain damage and functional imbalances of the nervous system, resulting in some learning difficulties, which can vary from basic literacy to performing daily activities. The applications developed in this work are intended to help these people in their literacy, while monitoring their attention levels and detecting their expressions. The assistance is provided through activities such as pairing vowels and matching words with corresponding images and sounds. On the other hand, a biofeedback algorithm called Attention Meter runs in parallel with the activities, monitoring the user's attention during the execution. This algorithm is implemented as a framework that can be used by any application running Android or RemixOS. Finally, a performance report of the student engagement and learning is generated for a professional analysis, according to the attention level.

RESUMOFoi testada a hipótese de que, à semelhança do que ocorre em humanos, os componentes do soro urêmico inibem o metabolismo oxidativo dos neutrófilos de cães. Para isto, o sangue total de 10 cães foi incubado com soro homólogo urêmico e não urêmico e posteriormente comparado quanto à produção neutrofílica de superóxido estimada pelo método citoquímico de redução do tetrazólio nitroazul (NBT). A produção de superóxido gerada pelo metabolismo oxidativo dos neutrófilos tratados com soro urêmico apresentou significante redução (P<0,05) em relação aos tratados com plasma autólogo e homólogo com níveis normais de ureia. Concluiu-se que os componentes presentes no soro urêmico inibem ex vivo o metabolismo oxidativo dos neutrófilos de cães portadores de insuficiência renal e que, portanto, têm sua imunidade inata comprometida. (Kerr, 2003). A IRC é a afecção renal mais comum em cães, sendo progressiva, irreversível e de mau prognóstico. Porém, quando adequadamente tratada, o cão portador de IRC pode sobreviver com boa qualidade de vida por muitos meses (DiBartola, 2004). Em cães com IRC cujos valores de ureia plasmática são mais baixos que 20mmol/L, as chances de resposta a uma terapia alimentar são grandes; entretanto, valores acima de 60mmol/L

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