Carbon dots (CDs)
are carbon-based fluorescent nanomaterials that
are of interest in different research areas due to their low cost
production and low toxicity. Considering their unique photophysical
properties, hydrophobic/amphiphilic CDs are powerful alternatives
to metal-based quantum dots in LED and photovoltaic cell designs.
On the other hand, CDs possess a considerably high amount of surface
defects that give rise to two significant drawbacks: (1) causing decrease
in quantum yield (QY), a crucial drawback that limits their utilization
in LEDs, and (2) affecting the efficiency of charge transfer, a significant
factor that limits the use of CDs in photovoltaic cells. In this study,
we synthesized highly luminescent, water-insoluble, slightly amphiphilic
CDs by using a macrocyclic compound, calix[4]pyrrole, for the first
time in the literature. Calix[4]pyrrole-derived CDs (CP-DOTs) were
highly luminescent with a QY of over 60% and size of around 4–10
nm with graphitic structure. The high quantum yield of CP-DOTs indicated
that they had less amount of surface defects. Furthermore, CP-DOTs
were used as an additive in the active layer of organic solar cells
(OSC). The photovoltaic parameters of OSCs improved upon addition
of CDs. Our results indicated that calix[4]pyrrole is an excellent
carbon precursor to synthesize highly luminescent and water-insoluble
carbon dots, and CDs derived from calix[4]pyrrole are excellent candidates
to improve optoelectronic devices.
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