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Many modern applications rely on high-performance processing of spatial data. Examples include location-based services, games, virtual worlds, and scientific simulations such as molecular dynamics and behavioral simulations. These applications deal with large numbers of moving objects that continuously sense their environment, and their data access can often be abstracted as a repeated spatial join. Updates to object positions are interspersed with these join operations, and batched for performance. Even for the most demanding scenarios, the data involved in these joins fits comfortably in the main memory of a cluster of machines, and most applications run completely in main memory for performance reasons.Choosing appropriate spatial join algorithms is challenging due to the large number of techniques in the literature. In this paper, we perform an extensive evaluation of repeated spatial join algorithms for distance (range) queries in main memory. Our study is unique in breadth when compared to previous work: We implement, tune, and compare ten distinct algorithms on several workloads drawn from the simulation and spatial indexing literature. We explore the design space of both index nested loops algorithms and specialized join algorithms, as well as the use of moving object indices that can be incrementally maintained. Surprisingly, we find that when queries and updates can be batched, repeatedly re-computing the join result from scratch outperforms using a moving object index in all but the most extreme cases. This suggests that -given the code complexity of index structures for moving objects -specialized join strategies over simple index structures, such as Synchronous Traversal over R-Trees, should be the methods of choice for the above applications.

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In many scientific domains, researchers are turning to large-scale behavioral simulations to better understand real-world phenomena. While there has been a great deal of work on simulation tools from the high-performance computing community, behavioral simulations remain challenging to program and automatically scale in parallel environments. In this paper we present BRACE (Big Red Agent-based Computation Engine), which extends the MapReduce framework to process these simulations efficiently across a cluster. We can leverage spatial locality to treat behavioral simulations as iterated spatial joins and greatly reduce the communication between nodes. In our experiments we achieve nearly linear scale-up on several realistic simulations.Though processing behavioral simulations in parallel as iterated spatial joins can be very efficient, it can be much simpler for the domain scientists to program the behavior of a single agent. Furthermore, many simulations include a considerable amount of complex computation and message passing between agents, which makes it important to optimize the performance of a single node and the communication across nodes. To address both of these challenges, BRACE includes a high-level language called BRASIL (the Big Red Agent SImulation Language). BRASIL has object-oriented features for programming simulations, but can be compiled to a dataflow representation for automatic parallelization and optimization. We show that by using various optimization techniques, we can achieve both scalability and single-node performance similar to that of a hand-coded simulation.

Massively multiplayer online games (MMOs) have emerged as an exciting new class of applications for database technology. MMOs simulate long-lived, interactive virtual worlds, which proceed by applying updates in frames or ticks, typically at 30 or 60 Hz. In order to sustain the resulting high update rates of such games, game state is kept entirely in main memory by the game servers. Nevertheless, durability in MMOs is usually achieved by a standard DBMS implementing ARIES-style recovery. This architecture limits scalability, forcing MMO developers to either invest in high-end hardware or to over-partition their virtual worlds.In this paper, we evaluate the applicability of existing checkpoint recovery techniques developed for main-memory DBMS to MMO workloads. Our thorough experimental evaluation uses a detailed simulation model fed with update traces generated synthetically and from a prototype game server. Based on our results, we recommend MMO developers to adopt a copy-on-update scheme with a double-backup disk organization to checkpoint game state. This scheme outperforms alternatives in terms of the latency introduced in the game as well the time necessary to recover after a crash.