The exploration of novel electrocatalysts for CO 2 reduction is necessary to overcome global warming and the depletion of fossil fuels. In the current study, the electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction of [Re(CO) 3 Cl( N - N )], where N - N represents 3-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazole (Hpy), 3-(pyridin-2-yl)-5-phenyl-l,2,4-triazole (Hph), and 2,2′-bipyridine-4,4′ dicarboxylic acidic (bpy-COOH) ligands, was investigated. In CO 2 -saturated electrolytes, cyclic voltammograms showed an enhancement of the current at the second reduction wave for all complexes. In the presence of triethanolamine (TEOA), the currents of Re(Hpy), Re(Hph), and Re(bpy-COOH) enhanced significantly by approximately 4-, 2-, and 5-fold at peak potentials of −1.60, −150, and −1.69 V Ag/Ag+ , respectively (in comparison to without TEOA). The reduction potential of Re(Hph) was less negative than those of Re(Hpy) and Re(COOH), which was suggested to cause its least efficiency for CO 2 reduction. Chronoamperometry measurements showed the stability of the cathodic current at the second reduction wave for at least 300 s, and Re(COOH) was the most stable in the CO 2 -catalyzed reduction. The appearance and disappearance of the absorption band in the UV/vis spectra indicated the reaction of the catalyst with molecular CO 2 and its conversion to new species, which were proposed to be Re- DMF + and Re- TEOA and were supposed to react with CO 2 molecules. The CO 2 molecules were claimed to be captured and inserted into the oxygen bond of Re- TEOA , resulting in the enhancement of the CO 2 reduction efficiency. The results indicate a new way of using these complexes in electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction.
This case study highlights a major step change in fluid sampling technology while drilling. The decision to deploy a Logging While Drilling (LWD) fluid sampler was made because of the S-profile well, which would have required pipe-conveyed wireline fluid sampling. This would have added rig days to the project and increased the risk of stuck pipe. One run of the LWD fluid sampler, during a wiper trip, was sufficient to acquire the necessary 60 pressure tests, fluid gradients, down hole fluid identification and analysis and PVT samples. Six single phase oil samples (four liters total volume) were acquired. Lessons learnt offer additional best practices and risk mitigation techniques for future LWD sampling projects.The thin bed succession comprises centimeter to meter scale sandstones, inter-bedded with shales. The sandstones have a variable measured mobility between 1.2-and 296-mD/cP. This type of succession poses significant challenges to obtain a gradient for each sand layer, particularly since each layer may have different fluids. Moreover, inherent depth uncertainties in these measurements, affects the fluid gradient. The excellent repeatability of the pressures allowed adjusting formation tops by reconciliation to pressure profiles. This reconciliation process could only be achieved by taking many pressure tests (upto 60). A consequence of this process was the high-grading and selection of representative locations for sampling. There were zero lost seals during the pressure testing and sampling operation. Laboratory analysis results showed about 15% WBM filtrate contamination, which was comparable to wireline runs in the same formation.In conclusion, this case study shows that LWD pressure and sampling technology provides high quality results over complex thin bed reservoirs with different fluid types; Operators no longer need to consider a well's deviation or complex geometry to collect fluid samples while drilling; the demonstrated operational efficiency and good sample quality resulted in significant savings in rig costs (USD 2 million) and the LWD sampling application reached the same sample integrity and safety standards as compared to existing wireline methods.
Constructing a facies model in geological modeling with two types of rock facies is not only stimulating but also necessary for modeling in a new direction to be able to reflect the interconnection of the oil body as well as heterogeneity of reservoir characteristics more clearly. The results of environmental interpretation derived from core sample data show that more than ten kinds of facies in rivers/lakes have been identified in the study area. However, predicting this kind of facies in the space of coring in wells and then simulated reservoirs as depositional facies faces many difficulties. Therefore, the simulation under lithology facies still includes reservoir and non-reservoir rocks but splits reservoir rocks into different HU types based on their porosity-permeability characteristics derived from core analysis results used in facies modeling steps. FZI values are shown on the chart by the statistical probability of reservoir rock in four HU types corresponding to four lines with different slope angles representing each HU type from the core analysis data. The newly identified HU types then are shown on the Amaefule chart plot according to the relationships between the reservoir rock quality index and normalized porosity (Uz) for all core samples. The division of rock facies into HU types also refers to the results of sedimentary environmental interpretation from core sample data in the wells. We used the artificial neutron network method in the IP software to predict the FZI values and then grouped them by HU type for no core sample intervals of whole sections of the wells. Based on the facies model and parameter model of porosity, saturation was built, and in-place oil reserves were calculated using the volumetric calculation function in Petrel software. One hundred realizations were run, and we chose the base case corresponding to the P50 probabilistic results to simplify its use in production simulation models. Compared with the results calculated by volumetric methods for block H1 and H2 of 102 million barrels, those of oilin-place reserves calculated from the model were more than about 3%.
Biocompatible magnetic poly (glycidyl methacrylate) microsphere is a novel nanocomposite with a myriad of promising bioapplications. Investigation of their characteristics by experimental analysis methods has also been carried out in the past. However, a survey of the magnetic anisotropy constant has not been mentioned and the influence of the poly (glycidyl methacrylate) polymer matrix on the Fe3O4 magnetite nanoparticles embedded inside has also not been discussed. Moreover, the accurate characterization of the magnetite nanoparticle size distribution remains challenging. In this paper, we present an effective approach was used to solve these problems. First of all, we combine both experiment and theory to estimate the effective magnetic anisotropy constant. Besides that, we implement an accurate method to determine magnetite nanoparticle size distribution in the magnetic poly (glycidyl methacrylate) microspheres composite nanomaterial.
Visible-light-driven photocatalytic CO2 reduction is a promising approach to addressing the problem of global warming and energy crisis. A Z-scheme photocatalyst comprising of a Re(I) complex and a polymeric semiconductor...
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