Due to globalization expansion, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is no longer an unfamiliar concept in emerging markets. In the case of Vietnam, its implementation will be influenced by several factors, including ethical leadership. Drawing upon the stakeholder theory, this study develops and tests a serial mediation model to explain how CSR and firm reputation can connect ethical leadership to enhanced firm performance. The PLS-SEM results from survey data collected from 653 mid- and top-level managers from large companies in Vietnam indicate that ethical leadership positively influences CSR, which, in turn, results in enhanced firm reputation and firm performance. This study contributes to research on the intersection between CSR and leadership in the context of emerging markets. This study also provides some managerial implications for Vietnamese firms striving to promote ethical leadership to achieve CSR outcomes.

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This study aims to investigate the potential interaction between leadership and the internal control structure and determine whether this interaction can benefit emerging market businesses by increasing the effectiveness of their internal controls. Drawing upon the cognitive consistency and expectancy theories, this study develops and tests a mediated moderation model to examine how leadership consistency and quality can be integrated to regulate the effectiveness of internal control systems toward enhancing firm performance. The partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) results from survey data from 206 Vietnamese firms indicated the following: (a) internal control effectiveness mediates the effect of the internal control structure on firm performance; (b) leadership consistency positively moderates the impact of the internal control structure on internal control effectiveness; and (c) the moderating effect of leadership consistency is strengthened with a higher level of leadership quality. These findings lead to several theoretical and practical implications.