CT arthrography and MR arthrography were excellent for diagnosing labral lesions. MRI is superior to CT in the imaging of all joint structures. Surgical approach can be accurately predicted with both imaging methods but special surgical techniques cannot be effectively planned to replace diagnostic arthroscopy in all cases.
Recently, there have been several reports on the influence of physical activity on immune function. Most of the studies were conducted using maximal exercise in young and middle-aged subjects. Since human immune function undergoes adverse changes with aging, we investigated in the present study whether submaximal, aerobic exercise induces changes in immune function in elderly subjects. Leukocytes, differential blood count, subsets of lymphocytes, CD4/CD8 ratio and immunoglobulins were studied after submaximal aerobic exercise (mean lactate 2.57 + 0.3 mmol/l) in 15 elderly subjects (mean age 68 +/- 5.6 years). These parameters were measured before, immediately after and 4 hours after exercise. Mean hemoglobin was unchanged indicating no hemoconcentration. There was a small increase in mean total lymphocytes (p < 0.05 immediately after exercise), while there was a highly significant increase in leukocyte count both immediately and 4 hours after exercise (p < 0.01). We found a significant correlation between the increase in leukocytes and lactate concentration (p < 0.01, r = 0.784). Lactate levels of all subjects were below 4 mmol/l. These results might indicate that the effect of a single bout of aerobic exercise on immune function depends on the intensity and duration of exercise relative to the level of fitness in elderly subjects. There was a highly significant rise (p < 0.001) in CD4/CD8 ratio 4 hours after exercise. This increase was mainly due to a rise in CD4 cell number whereas T-suppressor cells were almost unchanged. Our data show a possible stimulation of immune function by a submaximal, aerobic exercise in elderly subjects. Further studies are required to clarify whether a stimulation of CD4/CD8 ratio by chronic training gives rise to a reduction of infections in physically active elderly persons.
Background: Based on baseline bone mineral density (BMD), adjuvant chemotherapy or endocrine therapy for early breast cancer patients can lead to substantially increased fracture risk. A significant decrease of BMD >10% after 2 years of chemotherapy (CT) and/or endocrine therapy (ET) has been reported. In recent studies, zoledronic acid (ZOL) produced an increase in BMD in premenopausal and postmenopausal patients with breast cancer (ABCSG-12, Z-FAST, ZO-FAST, etc). In addition, a significant increase in disease-free survival (DFS) with ZOL vs no ZOL was observed in most of these studies.
Methods: The aim of 2 single-center, placebo-controlled, randomized studies—Probone I and Probone II—was to investigate the effect of adjuvant treatment with ZOL on BMD in premenopausal women with early breast cancer treated with CT and/or ET. Patients with hormone-receptor-negative (HR−) breast cancer (Probone I) were treated with (neo)adjuvant CT; patients with hormone-receptor-positive (HR+) breast cancer (Probone II) were treated with ET alone or in combination with (neo)adjuvant CT. Randomized patients received ZOL 4 mg or placebo IV every 3 months for 24 months. The primary objective was the change in BMD at the lumbar spine between baseline and month 24 (measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry [DXA]). Secondary objectives included DFS; BMD at total hip, femur, and os calcis; quantitative ultrasonometry (QUS) at os calcis and phalanges; markers of bone turnover (C-telopeptide of type I collagen [CTX] and N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen [P1NP]); endocrine hormones (follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH], estradiol, testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin [SHBG], parathyroid hormone [PTH], vitamin D, anti-Müllerian hormone [AMH], inhibin A/B, etc); pathologic fractures; and safety and tolerability.
Results: 70 HR+ and 11 HR− breast cancer patients have been enrolled into the studies. The last patient will have been treated for 24 months by the end of June 2011.
Conclusions: The effects of ZOL on lumbar spine BMD at 24 months and secondary endpoints will be presented at the meeting.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-19-03.
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