We examined the intra-individual variation in resting frequency of the constant-frequency component of the second harmonic of the pulse (F (rest)) over 4 years in a laboratory colony of the Taiwanese leaf-nosed bat (Hipposideros terasensis). Patterns of change in F (rest) were observed when individuals were added to or removed from the colony so that we investigated whether F (rest) was affected by neighboring colony members. F (rest) of each bat continually showed a long-term gradual change throughout the year, and all bats in the colony increased or decreased their F (rest) in the same direction as a group non-seasonally. The greatest short-term changes were observed when new bats with a relatively low F (rest) joined the colony and F (rest) of new bats converged with those of the original colony members around 8 -16 days after their introduction. Conversely, a single individual showed sudden short-term decrease in F (rest) after its isolation from other colony members. These findings strongly indicate that F (rest) is flexible according to the presence of neighboring conspecific bats. We suggest that the audio-vocal feedback for conspecific pulses appears to be involved in the short- or long-term intra-individual variation in F (rest) other than factors previously thought such as age or season.
We classified communication calls of Japanese pipistrelle bats (Pipistrellus abramus) by acoustic characteristics D. The Japanese pipistrelles emitted communication calls that were completely different from FM echolocation calls. Data showed that in general duration of communication calls was longer than that of echolocation calls (e.g., echolocation call, 1 ms; long CF communication call, 50 ms) and that frequency of commu-nication calls were lower than that of echolocation calls (e.g., echolocation call, 80–40 kHz; long CF communication call, about 14 kHz). Typical classified communication calls were as follows: slightly short CF call (20 ms, 14 kHz), short CF call (5 ms, 14 kHz), slightly long CF call (30 ms, 14 kHz), long CF call (50 ms, 14 kHz), slightly long FM call (15 ms, 30–15 kHz), long FM call (20 ms, 25–15 kHz), complicated FM call (10–50 ms, 25–15 kHz), short intermittent CF call (1 ms, 14 kHz) and noise call (20–100 ms, below 60 kHz). Details will be discussed more specifically. [Research supported by a grant to RCAST at Doshisha Univ. from MEXT and by the Innovative Cluster Creation Project promoted by MEXT.]
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