Abstract. Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) is a ubiquitous cytosolic enzyme that plays a key role in glycolysis. PGI is also a multifunctional protein that acts in the extracellular milieu as a potent mitogen/cytokine. Increased expression of PGI and its receptor has been found in a wide spectrum of malignancies and is associated with cancer progression and metastasis. In this study, the role of PGI in the growth and metastasis of colon cancer cells was determined. To elucidate the functional role of PGI in colorectal cancer, we stably transfected PGI cDNA into human colon cancer cells. We used an orthotopic mouse tumor model to assess whether overexpression of PGI enhances liver metastasis. Overexpression of PGI stimulated the in vitro invasion of DLD-1 cells. In vivo, after orthotopic implantation into the cecum of nude mice, parental and empty vector-transfected DLD-1 cells produced small tumors without liver metastasis, whereas PGI-overexpressing DLD-1 cells produced large tumors and liver metastases. In conclusion, overexpression of PGI significantly contributes to the aggressive phenotype of human colon cancer and, thus, may provide a novel therapeutic target.
Recently, many efforts have been made to develop more efficient Inter-Vehicle Communication (IVC) protocols for ondemand route planning according to observed traffic congestion or incidents, as well as for safety applications. Because practical experiments are often not feasible, simulation of network protocol behavior in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) scenarios is strongly demanded for evaluating the applicability of developed network protocols. In this work, we discuss the need for bidirectional coupling of network simulation and road traffic microsimulation for evaluating IVC protocols. As the selection of a mobility model influences the outcome of simulations to a great extent, the use of a representative model is necessary for producing meaningful evaluation results. Based on these observations, we developed the hybrid simulation framework Veins (Vehicles in Network Simulation), composed of the network simulator OMNeT++ and the road traffic simulator SUMO. In a proof-of-concept study, we demonstrate its advantages and the need for bidirectionally coupled simulation based on the evaluation of two protocols for incident warning over VANETs. With our developed methodology, we can advance the state-of-the-art in performance evaluation of IVC and provide means to evaluate developed protocols more accurately.
This paper describes quality control techniques, reliability test results and field experience regarding the reliability of vacum interrupters. The possibility of vacuum failure has been decreased by establishing quality control techniques. Field experience has confirmed this excellent performance. INTRODUCTICNThe vacuum interrupter has demonstrated sucessful performance when applied to power circuit breakers and distribution switches in protecting power distribution lines. Today, vacuun switching equipment has been increasingly utilized to provide improved reliability and safety due to the advantage of switching in a vacuum.Fran a standpoint of the arc breaking principle, vacuum interrupters are high in safety and reliability. This is because they do not employ combustible arc extinguish medium and do not allow the arc to escape from the interrupter chamber when making or breaking current. With the features, vacuum circuit breakers and vacuum switches have shown rapid growth in the market place. However, when vacuum interrupters began to appear in the market place, their novelty made not only end users, but also manufacturers, feel uncertain about their acceptance. Main obstacles were fear of switching surge overvoltage and loss of vacuum in the interrupters. Since that tim, effort has been made to solve these problerms. In respect to the switching surge problen, extensive studies have been carried out and protection means were established. [11211[3] To maintain a high degree of vacuum over a long period of time, sare problem; had to be solved. This paper describes our efforts to establish quality control techniques, introduces reliability assurance test results and describes field experience results. DErECTION OF SLCW LEAKQuality Control of Vacuum Interrupters To maintain 'interrupter internal pressure under a limited pressure, over a long period of time, the following three problems, which cause pressure to increase, had to be solved.(a) Gas permiation: Gas permiates into the interrupter interior through the insulation vessels and metallic flanges, thus increasing internal pressure. This problem can be solved by selecting suitable material and through proper design. 86 T&D 542-5 A paper reconmen by the IEEE Switchgear (b) Gas evolution: Gas absorbed on the internal surface or absorbed in the metal parts of an interrupter caused the internal pressure to increase. This problEn can be solved by selecting well-refined, low gas content materials and by fully degassing in the production process of the vacuum interrupter. The degassing process involves heating the entire interrupter to a high temerature and at a high degree of vacuum. Although the gas cannot be fully elinated, gas evolution will be saturated at an equilibilium pressure by the balance between pressure of the gas evolved and the internal pressure. In other words, the gas exhausted will display a tendency similar to curve "B" in Fig. 1. As a result, the pressure can never exceed the pressure limit causing insufficient vacuum. :3 WI 0. cx c: 41 P Pressu...
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