Using a glucose-glycine system as a Maillard reaction model, the rate of inhibition toward active oxygen by Maillard reaction products (MRP) was investigated by electron spin resonance (ESR). MRP obtained through heating a glucose-glycine mixture for 1 h inhibited more than ca. 90% of active oxygen species existing in the form of hydroxyl radicals ( • OH) in the sample and decreased its inhibition power as heating time increased. Studies have revealed the direct scavenging activity of MRP along with the depression of the Fenton reaction, which is brought about by the strong chelating ability of MRP with Fe 2+ due to the inhibition of • OH. Moreover, the decrease in the inhibition activity toward • OH during the prolonged heating period can be explained by the increase in reducing power of MRP promoting the reduction of Fe 3+ to Fe 2+ , and thus, activating the Fenton reaction. The high molecular weight fraction obtained from MRP, because of its stronger metalchelating capability, inhibited • OH more efficiently than the low molecular weight fraction. In addition, MRP obtained after 1 h of heat treatment exhibited ca. 14% inhibition of superoxide anion (O 2 -), indicating a lower rate of inhibition compared to that of • OH, which can be explained by the contribution of trace amounts of O 2 -formation during the early stage of glucose-glycine reaction.
Japanese isolates of Verticillium dahliae were examined for vegetative compatibility relationships using nitrate-nonutilizing mutants. Four levels of vegetative compatibility were differentiated according to the degree of compatibility between the tester mutants of nit1 and NitM. Wild-type growth with a complementation line greater than 5 mm wide was defined as "strong reaction (-I-+)", i.e., compatible. Ten out of 15 isolates showed compatibility and were separated into three groups, provisionally designated as VCGJ1, VCGJ2, and VCGJ3, depending upon their reactions. This method was used to estimate genetic diversity within a local population of V. dahliae. Another 12 isolates from Gunma Pref. were paired with tester isolates of the three vegetative compatibility groups proposed, Eight Gunma isolates were assigned to VCGJ1 or VCGJ2. Two isolates were incompatible with all testers. The remaining 2 isolates were self-incompatible. Thus, 18 out of 27 Japanese isolates of V. dahliae were assigned to VCGs: 8 to VCGJ1,7 to VCGJ2, and 3 to VCGJ3. VCGJ1 was compatible with both VCGJ2 and VCGJ3, but VCGJ2 and VCGJ3 showed a weak reaction with each other. Japanese isolates of V. dahliae were thus demonstrated to form a VC group comprising three subgroups.
Twenty-two isolates of Verticillium dahliae, which were isolated from green soybean (Glycine max), udo (Aralia cordata), horseradish (Cochlearia armoracia), sweetpea (Lathyrus odoratus), or a weed (Chenopodium album) were used in this study. Conidia and microsclerotia of these isolates were morphologically identical with those of V, dahliae but did not coincide with V. Iongisporum. Pathogenicity tests showed that these isolates were of weak pathotype. Eleven of the 22 isolates, which were obtained from green soybean and udo, were pathogenic to green soybeans. Thus pathotype E was composed of two groups: "soybean pathotype' which was pathogenic to green soybeans; and isolates nonpathogenic to green soybeans. The latter were defined as isolates of pathotype E in the narrow sense. Selected representative nit1 and NitM mutants of each V. dahliae isolate were paired with VCGJ testers. Fourteen isolates of V. dahliae (Sol, So22, So23, So27, So28, So39, So40, So41, U54, U68, U69, U90, U95, and U115) showed complementary reactions with subgroups J1 and J3 and were assigned to subgroup J3. Isolate U108 was assigned to subgroup J2. Isolate HR1 was not compatible with any testers of VCGJ. With this exception, isolates of pathotype E in the narrow sense and those of "soybean pathotype' were thus assigned to known VCGJ subgroups and did not form a unique group corresponding to their pathotype. "Soybean pathotype" could not be distinguished among isolates of pathotype E by vegetative compatibility.
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