Detection of melamine has been developed by employing oxidized polycrystalline gold electrode (poly GE). The poly GE was directly utilized for the detection of melamine using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and impedimetry. Poly GE successfully showed the oxidation peak for melamine adsorption at 1.1 V is purely based on the detection of adsorption signals of melamine at the electrode surface. Furthermore, the melamine adsorbed poly GE surface has been studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Poly GE successfully detects the oxidation signals of melamine in the linear range of 0.05-1.31 ppm in laboratory samples. The proposed poly GE successfully detects the melamine signal (0.06-0.85 ppm) in tainted milk powder samples. It also exhibits two well-separated anodic oxidation peaks for urine and melamine in melamine-spiked human urine samples. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was also employed for the successful detection of melamine in the above proposed real samples.
This study investigates the emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from a single hydrogen-oxygen proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell (FC) and its relation to FC carbon materials. The results show that the magnitude of specific areas or pore volumes followed the order BP2000 > XC-72R > XC-72 > Alfa for carbon blacks and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) > single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) for CNTs.Nap and high carcinogenic potency species (BaP, DBA, and IND) were dominant in almost all tested carbon materials (carbon black, CNT, carbon cloth (CC), waterproof CC (WPCC), and waterproof carbon paper (WPCP), except mesophase graphite powder (MGP)). Of all the tested carbon materials, both SWCNT and MWCNT showed the (same) highest BaP content ( ). Likewise, the Total-BaP eq concentration (dominated by 5/6/7-ring PAHs) was also lower in anode (640 ± 2.07 ng Nm -3 ) than in cathode gas emissions (967 ± 8.02 ng Nm -3); however, those in the anode and cathode water effluents were similar (5.70 ± 5.64 and 5.60 ± 4.88 ng L -1 , respectively). Accordingly, the H 2 -O 2 PEMFC is not a complete zero-emission power generator when considering its PAH emissions during operation.
The electrochemical synthesis of silver nanoparticles (nano-Ag) has been successfully carried out on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and indium tin oxide electrode (ITO) using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMT) as green electrolytes. Further the electrodeposited nano-Ag modified ITO electrode has been examined using atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray diffraction studies (XRD). The electrodeposited Ag nanoparticles on ITO were found in the size range of 5 to 35 nm. The nano-Ag film modified GCE was further coated with nafion (Nf) and BMT (1 : 1 ratio) mixture and found to be stable in BMT and in pH 7 phosphate buffer solution (PBS). The nano-Ag/BMTNf film modified GCE successfully applied for the oxygen reduction reaction in neutral pH (pH 7.0 PBS). The proposed film modified GCE successfully reduces the over potential and show well defined reduction peaks for the detection of dissolved oxygen using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and rotating disc voltammetry (RDE). The film also applied for the detection of dissolved oxygen using electrochemical impedance spectroscopic studies (EIS).
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