We developed a CAD system using a CNN algorithm for the fully automated detection of prostate cancer using MRI, which has the potential to provide reproducible interpretation and a greater level of standardisation and consistency.

This study was undertaken to examine the interaction between the combination of angiogenesis and blood vessel invasion (BVI) and haematogenous metastasis, and to determine the prognostic significance of that combination in predicting 20-year relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) rates in primary breast cancer. Five hundred and nine patients were studied. We investigated 11 factors, including average microvessel count (AMC)/BVI, lymph-node status (n), clinical tumour size (T), histological grade (HG), lymphatic vessel invasion (LVI), p53, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), c-erbB-2, mitotic index (MI), apoptotic index, and tumour necrosis (TN). Blood vessel invasion was detected by both factor VIII-related antigen and elastica van Gieson staining. To evaluate the best objective method to quantify microvessel density in angiogenesis, AMC was employed. The rate of AMC-high and BVI-positive tumours was 32.6 and 29.3%, respectively. That of both AMC-high and BVI-positive tumours was 10.1%. Univariate analysis showed that AMC/BVI, n, T, HG, LVI, p53, PCNA, MI, and TN were significantly predictive of RFS and OS. By multivariate analysis, AMC/BVI was the strongest independent prognostic factor for 20-year RFS (relative risk (RR) ¼ 5.5; Po0.0001) and for 20-year OS (RR ¼ 4.3; Po0.0001). Lymph-node status was still considered a powerful prognostic indicator; however, the combination of AMC and BVI provided more reliable prognostic information than lymph-node status for haematogenous dissemination.

PI-RADSv2 reduces understaging and improves interobserver agreement in ECE assessment. However, overstaging is a concern, and the biopsy Gleason score may have a complementary role in reducing overstaging.

A wide range of frequencies has been reported for blood vessel invasion (BVI) among patients with breast cancer, however, the prognostic significance of BVI remains controversial. Three hundred ninety-eight Japanese patients with breast cancer, operated on during the period between 1971 and 1987, were studied. We investigated five factors, including BVI, lymph-node status (n), clinical tumor size (T), histological grade (HG), and tumor necrosis (TN), followed for a median of 10 years. BVI was detected by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and both factor VIII-related antigen and elastica van Gieson staining. BVI detected by HE staining alone was defined as BVIh. The subtypes of BVI were classified as follows: BVI e, BVI detected only by elastica van Gieson staining; BVI f, BVI detected only by factor VIII-related antigen staining; and BVI e/f, BVI detected by both factor VIII-related antigen and elastica van Gieson staining. BVI-positive tumors were defined as lesions showing BVI e, BVI f, or BVI e/f. BVI and BVIh were presented in 27.4%, 6.5% of all cases, respectively. The mean diameters of the calibers of BVI e, BVI f, and BVI e/f were 141.9+/-80.5 microm, 61.0+/-37.4 microm, 136.0+/-102.0 microm, respectively (P<0.0001). Seventy-three patients (18.3%) had recurrence and 60 patients (15.1%) died of breast cancer. Univariate analysis showed that BVIh (P <0.0001), BVI (P<0.0001), n, T, and HG were significantly predictive of 20-year RFS and OS. Multivariate analysis showed that BVI (P<0.0001, P = 0.0088, respectively), n, T, and HG were all significant and independent prognostic factors for RFS and OS. On the other hand, BVIh was an independent factor for RFS (P = 0.0475), but of borderline significance for OS (P = 0.0506). When stratified by BVI, BVI e, and BVI e/f were significantly predictive of 20-year RFS or OS (P < 0.0001). We can confirm BVI, especially BVI e and BVI e/f, are significant independent prognostic factors associated with long-term survival in Japanese breast cancer patients.

This study was undertaken to determine the highly sensitive method for detecting tumour lymphatic vessels in all the fields of each slide (LV), lymphatic microvessel density (LMVD) and lymphatic vessel invasion (LVI) and to compare them with other prognostic parameters using immunohistochemical staining with polyclonal (PCAB) and monoclonal antibodies (MCAB) to the lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 (LYVE-1), and the pan-endothelial marker factorVIII in a series of 67 human breast cancers. In all LYVE-1-stained sections, LV (some of which contained red blood cells) were frequently found localised in extralobular stroma, dermis, connective tissue stroma and adjacent to artery and vein, but were rare within the intralobular stroma or the tumour body (3/67 cases) or areas of widespread invasion. In contrast small blood vessels were observed in intra-and extralobular stroma in the factor VIII-stained sections. Quantitation of vessel numbers revealed that LYVE-1/PCAB detected a significantly larger number of LV than either H&E or LYVE-1/MCAB (Po0.0001). LYVE-1/PCAB detected LVI in 25/67 cases (37.3%) and their presence was significantly associated with both lymph node metastasis (w 2 ¼ 4.698, P ¼ 0.0248) and unfavourable overall survival (OS) (P ¼ 0.0453), while not relapse-free survival (RFS) (P ¼ 0.2948). LMVD had no influence for RFS and OS (P ¼ 0.4879, P ¼ 0.1463, respectively). Our study demonstrates that immunohistochemistry with LYVE-1/PCAB is a highly sensitive method for detecting tumour LV/LVI in breast cancer and LVI is a useful prognostic indicator for lymphatic tumour dissemination.