Spatial and temporal density and biomass distribution of the planktonic copepods Pseudodiaptomus richardi and P. acutus along a salinity gradient were investigated in the Caeté River Estuary (North-Brazil) in June and December, 1998 (dry season) and in February and May, 1999 (rainy season). Copepod biomass was estimated using regression parameters based on the relation of dry weight and body length (prosome) of adult organisms. The Caeté River Estuary was characterized by high spatial and temporal variations in salinity (0.8-37.2‰). Exponential length-weight relationships were observed for both Pseudodiaptomus The results showed that the contribution of P. richardi for the secondary production in the Caeté River Estuary is more important in the limnetic zone than in other zones where euhaline-polyhaline regimes were predominant. However, it was not possible to observe a clear pattern of spatial and temporal distribution for P. acutus.Keywords: Pseudodiaptomus, Caeté River Estuary, biomass, spatial and temporal distribution, Brazil. RESUMOVariação espacial e temporal da densidade e biomassa de duas espécies de Pseudodiaptomus (Copepoda, Calanoida) no estuário do rio Caeté (Região Amazônica -Norte do Brasil)A distribuição espacial e temporal da densidade e biomassa dos copépodos planctônicos Pseudodiaptomus richardi e P. acutus, ao longo de um gradiente de salinidade, foi estudada no Estuário do Rio Caeté (Norte do Brasil) durante os meses de junho e dezembro de 1998 (estação seca) e fevereiro e maio de 1999 (estação chuvosa). A biomassa dos copépodos foi estimada a partir de parâmetros da regressão baseada na relação entre o peso seco e o comprimento do corpo (prossoma) de organismos adultos. O Estuário do Rio Caeté caracterizou-se por uma grande variação espacial e sazonal na salinidade (0,8-37,2‰
The diet of chaetognath species were studied by examining the gut contents of 9466 specimens collected off Ubatuba region, São Paulo State. The greatest proportion of chaetognaths (7119 individuals) showed their gut contents empty. Copepods, mollusc eggs, appendicularians, cladocerans and annelids were the most common food items in the gut contents of juveniles and mature stages. Cannibalism occurred in low frequency. In Summer the copepods Temora stylifera and Paracalanus spp were more abundant, whereas Oncaea spp and mollusc eggs were heavily preyed in Winter. There was a clear trend of increasing prey size with the developmental stage.
The distribution of chaetognath species off Ubatuba region, São Paulo State, Brazil, was studied during a program of multidisciplinary research. Ten species belonging to the genera Sagitta, Krohnita and Pterosagitta were identified. S. enflata was the dominant species followed by S.friderici and S. hispida. The species S. enflata, S. hispida, S. tenuis, S. bipunctata and JC pacifica were found in the Shelf water whereas S. serratodentata, S. minima, S. hexaptera and P. draco in the Tropical water. Only S. friderici was found associated to Coastal water. Hydrological conditions affected population structure, size of individuals and abundance.
The diet of Sagitta friderici off Ubatuba region, São Paulo State, was studied in March, 1989. Specimens were collected with a closing-net during three days at six hours' intervals (00:00; 06:00; 12:00; 18:00 h), at a fixed station of 38 m depth. The population was composed basically by young stages (O-II). A total of 3175 specimens were examined but only 760 contained preys in their guts. Copepods were the main constituent of food eaten (79.86%). There was a preference for the genera Paracalanus, Oncaea, Corycaeus and for crustacean nauplii. Other zooplanktonic groups such as Annelida, Urochordatha, and Mollusca were also found in the gut. Cannibalistic behavior occurred in 2.66% of the samples. In S. friderici the food was selected by size and was a direct function of the predator size. Younger stages (O-I) selected small prey, whereas older stages (II) preferred larger preys. Specimens collected above the thermocline exhibited higher feeding intensity (FCR) during the night periods.
Espécimens de Sagitta friderici foram coletados numa estação fixa de 38 m de profundidade, ao largo de Ubatuba, Estado de São Paulo, em março de 1989. Arrastos verticais, acima e abaixo da termoclina, foram feitos com rede de fechamento (50 cm de diâmetro de boca e malha de 0.200 mm) durante três dias consecutivos e em intervalos de seis horas. O estudo de 3175 indivíduos, nos estágios de O-IV, revelou que 2415 apresentaram o trato digestivo vazio e 760 com algum tipo de alimento. Destes últimos, 283 continham material amorfo e os 473 restantes de 1 a 3 presas. Das 488 presas identificadas, 99,74% estavam localizadas na região posterior do trato digestivo e 0,26% na região anterior. A dieta de S. friderici esteve constituída de Crustácea, Annelida, Urochordata, Chaetognatha e Mollusca. Dentre os Crustácea, os Copepoda foram os mais abundantes, predominando os Calanoida e Cyclopoida. O estágio 0 de S. friderici teve preferência pelos náuplios de crustáceos, enquanto que uma maior diversificação do alimento, incluindo a prática do canibalismo, foi observada a partir do estágio I. Não houve diferenças significativas na composição da dieta dos indivíduos coletados nos diferentes períodos do dia. Os espécimens de S. friderici coletados acima da termoclina apresentaram maior porcentagem de tratos digestivos (FCR) contendo alimento
Feeding behavior of juveniles of the planktonic shrimp Lucifer faxoni Borradaile was studied in the laboratory under light and dark conditions. Newly-hatched nauplii and metanauplii of Artemio were used as prey organisms. The fecding raie of L. foxoni was dependent on prey size and prey density, but was not obviously affected by light or dark conditions. The capture of the prey tended to increase with longer exposure time to prey. The maximum ingestion rate was 17.28 and 13.40 nauplii.L. faxoni .d- , in the light and in the dark conditions, respectively.
The distribution, abundance, biomass, population structure and feeding habits of chaetognaths collected off São Sebastião region, Brazil, in February 1994 are described. Bongo nets were hauled obliquely to collect zooplankton samples. Forty-three samples obtained with the 333 urn mesh were analysed. In this study, 7 chaetognath species belonging to two genera were identified. Sagitta friderici, S. tenuis and S. bipunctata were grouped into the neritic category, and Sagitta enflata, S. hispida, S. minima and Krohnita pacifica into the semi-neritic group. The analysis of the community structure distinguished 3 zones: 1) a nearshore zone evidenced by low richness; 2) an offshore zone evidenced by higher number of species and 3) another offshore zone, located south and south-westward of São Sebastião Island, characterised by higher richness but with dominance of one species. The nearshore zone was dominated by the neritic species S. friderici and S. tenuis, whereas the offshore zone was dominated by S. enflata. Abundance and biomass increase from nearshore toward offshore zones by about two orders of magnitude. Gut content analysis revealed over 90% of empty guts. The chaetognath population was composed mainly of juveniles. The diets among the different chaetognath species was very similar, composed mostly of small copepods and appendicularians.
No presente trabalho foram estudados a distribuição, abundância, biomassa, estrutura da população e hábito alimentar dos quetógnatos coletados na região de São Sebastião, Brasil, em fevereiro de 1994. As 43 amostras de zooplâncton utilizadas na elaboração deste trabalho foram obtidas através de arrastos oblíquos usando uma rede Bongô (333 um), providas de fluxômetro. Foram identificadas sete espécies de Chaetognatha pertencentes a dois gêneros. Sagitta friderici, S. tenuis e S. bipunctata foram agrupadas como espécies neríticas, enquanto que Sagitta enflata, S. hispida, S. minima e Krohnita pacifica semi-neriticas. A análise da estrutura da comunidade, mostrou a existência de 3 zonas: 1) zona costeira caracterizada por poucas espécies; 2) zona oceânica com muitas espécies e 3) zona oceânica, ao sul e sudoeste da Ilha de São Sebastião, com muitas espécies, mas predominância de uma espécie. A zona nerítica foi dominada pelas espécies S. friderici e S. tenuis, e a zona oceânica por S.enflata. Abundância e biomassa do grupo aumentou da região costeira para a oceânica. A população foi composta principalmente de jovens. A análise do conteúdo intestinal revelou mais de 90% de indivíduos com o trato digestivo vazio. A dieta das diferentes espécies foi bastante similar, sendo composta principalmente de pequenos copépodos e apendiculários
• Abstract: The diet of Sagitta friderici off Ubatuba region, São Paulo State, was studied in March, 1989. Specimens were collected with a closing-oet during three days at six hours' intervals (00:00; 06:00; 12:00; 18:00 h), at a 6xed statioo of 38 m depth. The populatioo was composed basically by young stages (0-11). A total of 3175 specimens were examined but only 760 cootained preys in their guts. Copepods were the maio constitueot of food eaten (79.86%). There was a preference for the geoera Paracalanus, Oncaea, Corycaeus and for crustacean nauplii. Other zooplanktonic groups such as Annelida, Urochordatha, aod Mollusca were also found in the got. Cannibalistic behavior occurred in 2.66% of the samples. InS.friderici the food was selected by size and was a direct function of the predator size. Younger stages (O-I) selected small prey, whereas older stages (II) preferred larger preys. Specimens collected above the thermocline exhibited higher feeding intensity (FCR) during the night periods.
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