Alpha-gal allergy in a population with a high prevalence of reported red meat allergy showed a more rapid onset of symptoms than previously described and a high prevalence of isolated subjective gastrointestinal manifestations. Cutoff values are described for levels of sensitization to alpha-gal IgE and alpha-gal:total IgE ratio that are highly likely to result in clinically significant meat allergy.

Background An allergic reaction to mammalian meat has recently been reported in rural parts of South Africa and throughout other parts of the world. The cause of this allergic reaction is because of an oligosaccharide antigen known as galactose-alpha-1, 3-galactose (alpha-gal) found in mammalian meat. Hard ticks in various parts of the world have been identified as a cause of sensitisation to the alpha-gal antigen. However, mechanisms of sensitisation in Africa are poorly understood. Aim The aim of this article is to review current literature on the alpha-gal allergy and mammalian meat ingestion and the family physician’s role in diagnosing and managing this condition. Method Indexes were searched using the keywords in the following electronic databases: Elsevier Science Direct, Google Scholar, Medline and PubMed. Results Clinical presentation of the alpha-gal allergy occurs typically as a delayed anaphylaxis occurring within 3–6 hours after the ingestion of mammalian meat. A subset of patients described in South Africa presented with a rapid onset of symptoms occurring within 45 minutes. Furthermore, some of these patients present with abdominal symptoms only, which may be mistaken as food poisoning. Diagnosis is based on a history of reaction to mammalian meats (especially to fatty portions or organs) and serum specific alpha-gal antibodies. The main management of the alpha-gal allergy is avoidance of red meat and in mild reactions treatment with oral H1 receptor antihistamines. Conclusion Sensitisation to the alpha-gal allergy results in adverse reactions to red meat, with tolerance to turkey, chicken and fish. A family physician can safely manage this condition. Keywords alpha-gal allergy; mammalian meat; management; primary care; specific IgE antibody; alpha-gal sensitisation.

Introduction:The implementation of nurse-initiated antiretroviral (ARV) treatment at primary health care clinics was introduced in 2010 as a response to lower the HIV prevalence rate in the community. Aim: The aim of the study was to identify the factors affecting the implementation of nurse-initiated ARV treatment in primary health care clinics referring patients to Dr CN Phatudi Hospital, Limpopo Province. Methodology: A qualitative study was conducted in 2013 with a purposeful sample of nurses from 12 clinics involved in the nurse-initiated antiretroviral treatment (NIMART) programme. Two free-attitude focus groups and two individual interviews were conducted (audio-and video-recorded whilst the researcher took field notes). These interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using the colour-coding as well as cut-and-paste methods. Results: Common themes that emerged from the individual and focus-group interviews were: (1) lack of resources, which included health care workers, drugs, stationery, telephones, poor training and inadequate workspace; (2) factors affecting treatment adherence, such as stigma, poverty, poor roads and the restrictions on the 'one pill' regime; (3) support from management and the visiting doctor and (4) nurses' work satisfaction. Conclusion: Two of the themes that emerged acted as barriers to the implementation of the NIMART programme, namely: (1) lack of resources and (2) factors affecting treatment adherence. The two other themes enhanced the implementation of the NIMART programme, namely: (1) support visits and (2) nurses' work satisfaction.

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Introduction: The implementation of nurse-initiated antiretroviral (ARV) treatment at primary health care clinics was introduced in 2010 as a response to lower the HIV prevalence rate in the community. Aim: The aim of the study was to identify the factors affecting the implementation of nurse-initiated ARV treatment in primary health care clinics referring patients to Dr CN Phatudi Hospital, Limpopo Province. Methodology: A qualitative study was conducted in 2013 with a purposeful sample of nurses from 12 clinics involved in the nurse-initiated antiretroviral treatment (NIMART) programme. Two free-attitude focus groups and two individual interviews were conducted (audio- and video-recorded whilst the researcher took field notes). These interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using the colour-coding as well as cut-and-paste methods.Results: Common themes that emerged from the individual and focus-group interviews were: (1) lack of resources, which included health care workers, drugs, stationery, telephones, poor training and inadequate workspace; (2) factors affecting treatment adherence, such as stigma, poverty, poor roads and the restrictions on the ‘one pill’ regime; (3) support from management and the visiting doctor and (4) nurses’ work satisfaction. Conclusion: Two of the themes that emerged acted as barriers to the implementation of the NIMART programme, namely: (1) lack of resources and (2) factors affecting treatment adherence. The two other themes enhanced the implementation of the NIMART programme, namely: (1) support visits and (2) nurses’ work satisfaction.