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Using high-angle-annular-dark-field (HAADF) scanning-transmission-electron microscopy (STEM), we have investigated η-precipitates in the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu (AA7050) aluminium alloy. The HAADF STEM images taken along the zone axes of [101 ̅ 0]η, [12 ̅ 10]η, and [0001]η illustrated the projected atomic-scale configurations of η-MgZn2 crystal. The precipitates developed in layer-by-layer growth, supplied with precursors such as Zn, Cu, and Mg, which were solute atoms segregated around the η/Al interfaces due to the higher lattice strain energy. Stacking faults and defect layers composed of flattened hexagons were frequently observed along the zone axes of [12 ̅ 10]η and [101 ̅ 0]η, respectively, and their formation was elucidated, similarly taking into account the layer-by-layer growth. Occasional coalescence between two precipitates yielded a complicated boundary or a twin-like boundary.Based on the differences in orientation relationships between η-types and the Al matrix reported to date, two new types of η precipitates have been recognized and named η4' and η12.

A set of unified constitutive equations is presented that predict the asymmetric tension and compression creep behaviour and recently observed double primary creep of pre - stretched/naturally aged aluminium - cooper - lithium alloy AA2050 - T34. The evolution of the primary micro - and macro - variables related to the precipitation hardening and creep deformation of the alloy during creep age forming (CAF) are analysed and modelled. E quations for the yield strength evolution of the alloy, including an initial reversi on and subsequent strengthening, ar e proposed based on a theory of concurrent dissolution, re - nucleation and growth of precipitates during artificial ageing . We present new observations of so - called double primary creep during the CAF process . This phenomenon is then predicted by introducing effects of interact ing microstructures , including evolving precipitates, diffusing solutes and dislocations , into the sinh - law creep model. In addition, concepts of threshold creep stress ??? ??? ??? and a microstructu re - dependant creep variable H , which behave differently under different external stress directions, are proposed and incorporat ed into the creep model . This enables predict ion of the asymmetric tension and compression creep - ageing behaviour of the alloy. Q uanti tative transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and related small - angle X - ray scattering (SAXS) analysis ha ve been carried out for selected creep - aged samples to assist the development and calibration of the constitutive model. A good agreement has been achieved between the experimental results and the model. The model has the potential to be applied to creep age form ing of other heat - treatable aluminium alloys

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