Perivenous lesion location on 7 T T2*-weighted imaging is predictive of the presence of demyelination. Optimization of this imaging technique at lower magnetic resonance field strengths would offer benefit for the diagnosis of MS.
Background: Substantial grey matter (GM) demyelination occurs in both the cerebral cortex and spinal cord in multiple sclerosis (MS). GM demyelination also occurs in the cerebellar cortex and the deep GM nuclei of the brain. However, no study has made a direct ''within subject'' comparison of the extent of GM pathology between these regions. Aim: To examine the extent and pattern of GM demyelination in the motor cortex, cingulate gyrus, cerebellum, thalamus and spinal cord in MS. Methods: Postmortem study using material from 14 MS cases and three controls. Sections were taken from the five predetermined areas and stained for proteolipid protein. The extent of GM and white matter (WM) demyelination was assessed in each region. Results and conclusion: Overall, 28.8% of the GM was demyelinated compared with 15.6% of the WM (p,0.001), with demyelination being greater in the GM than in the WM at each of the anatomical sites. There was substantial variation in the extent of demyelination between the different CNS regions. GM demyelination was most extensive in the spinal cord and cerebellum while WM demyelination was most prominent in the spinal cord.The factors influencing plaque topography in multiple sclerosis (MS) are not fully understood. The majority of white matter (WM) plaques occur in a perivenular distribution, with areas containing a high density of small veins and venules-such as the periventricular WM, leucocortical junction and the WM tracts of the brainstem and spinal cordshowing a preponderance for demyelination. 1 While it has been recognised that MS also involves grey matter (GM) structures, the conventional myelin stains used in these studies grossly underestimate the true extent of this GM pathology. [2][3][4] In comparison, myelin protein immunohistochemistry is more sensitive for detecting GM demyelination, demonstrating extensive demyelination in the cerebral cortex and spinal cord GM in MS.4-6 However, it is unclear whether GM demyelination is more prominent in the spinal cord, the cerebral cortex or other GM structures; comparisons between studies are likely to be confounded by differences in MS subtype, disease duration, age, gender, etc. Therefore, in this study, we used autopsy material to quantify GM and WM demyelination in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, spinal cord and thalamus, allowing us to make ''within subject'' comparisons of the extent of demyelination in these regions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Clinical materialFormalin fixed, paraffin embedded autopsy material was obtained from 14 pathologically confirmed MS cases and three controls (MS Brain Bank, London, UK). Patients with MS (one man, 13 women) were aged 44-81 years (mean 56.6, median 56) with disease durations of 6-32 years (mean 23.7, median 22). Eleven cases had secondary progressive MS (SPMS), two primary progressive MS (PPMS) and one relapsing remitting MS (RRMS). The controls (two women aged 69 and 78 years, one man aged 35 years) had no clinical or pathological evidence of neurological disease. The local research...
Growing evidence suggests that axonal degeneration rather than demyelination is the pathological substrate underlying chronic, irreversible disability in multiple sclerosis. However, direct evidence linking clinical disability measured in vivo with corresponding post-mortem measures of axonal pathology is lacking. Our objective in this study was to investigate the relationship between motor disability accumulated by patients with multiple sclerosis during life and the degree of axonal loss observed in their descending motor tracts after death. Human spinal cord derived at autopsy from 45 patients with multiple sclerosis was investigated. The medical records of each patient were reviewed by a multiple sclerosis neurologist to determine the degree of motor disability reached before death. Spinal cord sections were stained immunohistochemically. The degree of demyelination and the number of surviving corticospinal tract axons were measured in each patient. Patients who had accumulated higher levels of motor disability prior to death demonstrated fewer surviving corticospinal axons. Motor disability did not correlate with degree of demyelination. This study provides for the first time, direct clinico-pathological evidence that axonal loss is the pathological substrate of established disability in multiple sclerosis.
The extent and pattern of gray matter (GM) demyelination in the spinal cord in multiple sclerosis (MS) has not been examined in detail. Human autopsy material was obtained from 36 MS cases and 12 controls. Transverse sections were taken from five levels of the spinal cord (upper cervical, lower cervical, upper thoracic, lower thoracic and lumbar levels) and the extent of GM and white matter (WM) demyelination evaluated using proteolipid protein immunohistochemistry (IHC). The proportion of the GM that was demyelinated (33%) was significantly greater than the proportion of demyelinated WM (20%) (P < 0.0001). Similarly, demyelination was more extensive in the GM than in the WM at each of the five cord levels. The extent of GM demyelination was not significantly different between the five cord levels while WM demyelination was greatest at the upper cervical level. Morphologically, the borders of a proportion of the GM plaques show a strict respect for the GM/WM boundary. We demonstrate that extensive demyelination occurs in the GM of the spinal cord in MS. Myelin protein IHC reveals a novel pattern of residual plaque morphology challenging previous work suggesting that MS plaques display a total disregard for anatomical boundaries.
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