A firm link between small size at birth and later more centralized fat patterning has been established in previous research. Relationships between shortened interbirth intervals and small size at birth suggest that maternal energetic prioritization may be an important, but unexplored determinant of offspring fat patterning. Potential adaptive advantages to centralized fat storage (Baker et al., 2008: In: Trevathan W, McKenna J, Smith EO, editors. Evolutionary Medicine and Health: New Perspectives. New York: Oxford) suggest that relationships with interbirth intervals may reflect adaptive responses to variation in patterns of maternal reproductive effort. Kuzawa (2005: Am J Hum Biol 17:5-21; 2008: In: Trevathan W, McKenna J, Smith EO, editors. Evolutionary Medicine and Health: New Perspectives. New York: Oxford) has argued that maternal mediation of the energetic quality of the environment is a necessary component of developmental plasticity models invoking predictive adaptive responses (Gluckman and Hanson 2004: Trends Endocrinol Metab 15:183-187). This study tested the general hypothesis that shortened interbirth intervals would predict more centralized fat patterning in offspring. If long-term maternally mediated signals are important determinants of offspring responses, then we expected to observe a relationship between the average interbirth interval of mothers and offspring adiposity, with no relationship with the preceding interval. Such a finding would suggest that maternal, endogenous resource allocation decisions are related to offspring physiology in a manner consistent with Kuzawa's description. We observed exactly such a relationship among the Ache of Paraguay, suggesting that maternally mediated in utero signals of postnatal environments may be important determinants of later physiology. The implications of these findings are reviewed in light of life history and developmental plasticity theories and ourability to generalize the results to other populations. Recommendations for further empirical research are briefly summarized.
This paper reports the results of a study undertaken to evaluate the validity of requirements for admission to Florida State University's Graduate Program in Management offered by its School of Business in thc Cape Kennedy Area of Florida.A multiple regression study was made using as independent variables students' undergraduate grade point average (UGPA), Graduate Record Examination aptitude test score (GRE), and age (AGE) at time of admission. The dependent variable was graduate grade point average (GGPA).Thc study revealed a significant positive correlation between GRE and GGPA. The correlation between AGE and GGPA was also significant but was positive for values of AGE up t o approximately 29 and negativc thereafter. LJGPA was not even marginally significant.
As public schools have changed, so have the roles of reading specialists who work within schools. This article describes the findings of a study that examined the challenges of 12 reading specialists from elementary to high school level in both urban and rural schools. The researchers found that reading specialists work in a variety of instructional models, and their roles are misunderstood by administrators and classroom teachers. Additionally, they have limited contact with parents and deal with behavior problems from students, but are not necessarily provided with support systems for dealing with many of the complexities inherent in their work.
As mathematics teachers, we are always on the lookout for motivational applications for the mathematics that we teach. Applications are especially useful if they help students make connections among the various topics of mathematics and can be used by students at several different levels. While thumbing through The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Geometry, by David Wells (1991), we ran across an entry that led to a very interesting discovery
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