Finding measures of theory of mind (ToM) that are robustly related to contemporary measures of personality, we developed 10 scenarios reflecting either folk theory or simulation approaches to ToM deployment. Participants responded to scenarios in one of three formats: (1) by endorsing different descriptions representing possible thought processes of a scenario's protagonist, (2) by guessing whether protagonists had used folk theory or simulation strategy, or (3) by rating the protagonist's use of both strategies using Likert scales. Persons who used the second two rating formats received descriptions of the concepts of folk theory and simulation. Females and those rating possible thought processes, specifically format (1), had significantly greater tendency to endorse folk theory models than did males or those who simply selected theory or simulation (2). Moreover, participants who had more siblings or who fell late in family birth order were more inclined to select folk theory strategies. Individually, six of ten simple-choice scenarios (2) discriminated between theory and simulation strategies. Those scenarios that favoured folk theory had significantly more words and involved power differentials between protagonists and others, while those favouring simulation had fewer words and parity in the depicted relationships. Across all scenarios, the Likert data (3) suggested that participants rated protagonists as using both strategies equally.
An established definition of the concept grit is a combination of resilience and stamina for long-term challenges. Although literature on grit has been vast in terms of linking this concept to success for nondisabled individuals, limited research exists for individuals with disabilities. The present study investigated the relationship between grit and disability status within the college population. We surveyed individuals with and without a registered disability at a university, using the Grit Scale to measure responses and later subdividing it into Consistency of Interest and Perseverance of Effort scales. We found a significant main effect, defining significant differences with p values < .05, between disability status with total Grit score. Another significant interaction was found when evaluating the relationship of disability and underrepresentation (e.g., Black Indigenous People of Color) on Grit and Consistency of Interest subscores. No significant differences were found within the Perseverance subcategory of Grit. These results indicate that individuals within the underrepresented category, or people of color, as well as students registered with a disability scored significantly lower than their White and nondisabled counterparts. Further investigation is needed for confirmation of results. Suggested future investigations include the relationships of grit with varying disability categories as well as with individuals making up the underrepresented ethnic group.
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