The ever-growing resistance of pathogens to antibiotics and crop disease due to pest has triggered severe health concerns in recent years. Consequently, there is a need of powerful and protective materials for the eradication of diseases. Metal/metal oxide nanoparticles (M/MO NPs) are powerful agents due to their therapeutic effects in microbial infections. In this context, the present review article discusses the toxicity, fate, effects and applications of M/MO NPs. This review starts with an introduction, followed by toxicity aspects, antibacterial and testing methods and mechanism. In addition, discussion on the impact of different M/MO NPs and their characteristics such as size, shape, particle dissolution on their induced toxicity on food and plants, as well as applications in pesticides. Finally, prospective on current and future issues are presented.

Carbonylation reactions with carbon monoxide (CO) provide efficient and attractive routes for the synthesis of bulk and fine chemicals. However, the practice of using large excess of an inflammable, lethal and greenhouse CO gas is always a concern in this chemistry. The development of CO surrogates have gained substantial interest and becoming a green alternative to gaseous CO. Many of the recent studies have focused on the development of other benign and safe reagents to work as a CO source in carbonylation reactions, and the assortment of feasible CO surrogates for specific reaction can be accomplished by the literature data. This review describes the recent developments in palladium catalyzed carbonyl insertions without the direct use of gaseous CO.

We report an efficient and facile one-pot synthesis of 4-oxo-tetrahydroindoles using sulfamic acid under ball milling conditions.

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ZnO‐β zeolite nanoparticle has been introduced as, an inexpensive and efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the one‐pot multicomponent synthesis of 7‐benzodioxolo[4,5‐b]xanthenedione and 4‐oxo‐tetrahydroindole derivatives under microwave (MW) irradiations. The method offers several advantages such as excellent yields of the products (>90%), simple work‐up procedures, faster reactions, use of MW as source of energy and recyclability of the catalyst.

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: Nanotechnology is an emerging outlet of the nanoscience in which the atoms are encompassed in nanoscale dimensions and come to be more receptive compared with their distinctive counterparts. Recently, the utilization of synthetic designs and physicochemical approaches have received special attention; nevertheless, the generation of noxious impressions on the eco-system have raised serious concerns of the scientific community worldwide. Presently, environmentfriendly green synthesis routes are promising venues for the arrangement of metal/metal oxide (M/MO) nanostructured materials by using plants and their corresponding alliances. This revolution is predominantly recompensing as far as the reduction of toxic emissions and wastes is concerned. Accordingly, materials scientists have adopted various renewable naturally occurring eco-friendly materials, and biogenic processes to fabricate the functional M/MO nanostructured materials. The current review article recapitulates and assimilates the present state of knowledge on different strategies for biogenic fabrication of M/MO nanostructured materials. Moreover, their diverse applications are summarized and discussed.