Omega‐3 fatty acids (LCn‐3PUFAs) have become increasingly successful and important components of diet regimens used for improving and/or maintaining muscle mass, strength, and functional ability, especially in older adults, for certain illnesses or during traumatic injury. Using data from human, cell culture and animal model‐based studies, various investigators suggest that LCn‐3PUFAs are extremely potent in either directly stimulating muscle protein anabolism or reducing muscle and plasma levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. However, a few others report that such benefits from LCn‐3PUFAs are at best minimal. In recognition of the growing importance of LCn‐3PUFAs in nutritional strategies aimed at maintaining adequate muscle mass, strength, and function during various circumstances, this work provides an examination of available data, reviews certain limitations of available studies on this theme, and suggests areas of focus for future research. Practical applications As the largest tissue in the body, skeletal muscle metabolism has a substantial impact on an individual's overall health, thus dietary strategies are critical to help optimize its metabolic functions. This review will contribute toward increasing awareness of the growing efforts and strategies to incorporate LCn‐3PUFAs in diet regimens and supplements used to counteract diminishing muscle mass, strength, and function due to sarcopenia and other muscle impairment conditions such as cancers, traumatic injury, and infection (sepsis). More research is needed in this area to address issues such as the minimum dose of LCn‐3PUFAs supplementation required to maintain and/or increase muscle protein synthesis or lean body mass, and what ratio of administered LCn‐3PUFAs is absorbed into the blood.
Objectives: To synthesize the current available evidence on the changes in food intake and food selection after physical relocation in non-refugee populations.Methods: The inclusion criteria were studies with a measurement of food selection and/or food intake in non-refugee populations where physical relocation had occurred with self-reported or objective assessment of the neighbourhood physical environment before and after relocation. Databases searched included MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and SCOPUS from 1946 to August 2022.Results: A total of four articles met the inclusion criteria. Overall, these studies gave longitudinal (n = 2) and cross-sectional (n = 2) evidence to suggest that moving to an urban neighbourhood with more convenience stores, cafés and restaurants around the home was associated with an increase in unhealthy food intake in adult populations. Additional factors such as income, vehicle access, cost, availability and perceptions of the local food environment played a role in shaping food selection and food intake.Conclusion: Four internal migration studies were found. The limited evidence base calls for more research. Future studies should include children and apply appropriate research designs to account for neighbourhood self-selection and concurrent life events. International migration studies should include assessment of neighbourhood physical environments pre- and post-relocation.
Objectives The overall objective was to determine the effects of the multi-nutrient dietary supplement Cardioflex, independent of diet or lifestyle changes, to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in adults. Methods A 90-day, randomized, double-blind, parallel design clinical study was performed from February to June 2019. Participants received one serving (10 g) of Cardioflex or an isocaloric maltodextrin placebo daily. Blood pressure was measured using an automatic sphygmomanometer. A 1-min arterial test (accelerated plethysmography; APG) and a 5-min heart-rate-variability (HRV) test were conducted using a Meridian digital pulse wave analyzer. Serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were measured using Vitros-350 chemistry analyzer. Analysis of covariance was used to compare the post treatment biomarkers of the two groups using IBM SPSS Statistics (v.25). Results A total of 67 participants (placebo = 33, Cardioflex = 34) with a mean age of 48.3 ± 8.8 years, completed the study. Cardioflex improved HRV (+5%; P = 0.04) compared to the placebo (−9%). Although both groups saw improvements in blood pressure, heart rate, APG age, body mass index, waist circumference, TC, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and TG, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between groups. Interestingly, the placebo significantly (P = 0.04) lowered (−18.7%) TC compared to Cardioflex (−15%). Conclusions Cardioflex supplement may benefit HRV; a parameter associated with CVD. However, more research is needed to understand its effects on CVD. Also, our study also highlights the ‘placebo effect’ that can occur in parallel design clinical trials. Funding Sources Funding was provided by MITACs and Innotech Nutrition.
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