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Types of absorber 11 2.2 Reverberation control 12 2.2.1 A statistical model of reverberation 17 2.3 Noise control in factories and large rooms with diffuse fields 20 2.4 Modal control in critical listening spaces 22 2.5 Echo control in auditoria and lecture theatresbasic sound propagation models 23 2.5.1 Sound propagation-a wave approach 24 2.5.2 Surface impedance, admittance, reflection coefficient, and absorption coefficient 25 2.6 Absorption in sound insulation-transfer matrix modelling 29 2.6.1 Transfer matrix modelling 29 2.7 Pipes, ducts, and silencers-porous absorber characteristics 31 2.7.1 Characterizing porous absorbers 32 2.8 Enclosures, barriers, and roads 33 2.9 Natural noise control 34 2.10 Hearing protection devices 35 2.11 Loudspeaker cabinets 36 2.12 Automotive absorbents and vehicle refinement 36 vii
Background: Cognitive Muscular TherapyTM (CMT) is an integrated behavioural intervention developed for knee osteoarthritis. CMT teaches patients to reconceptualise the condition, integrates muscle biofeedback and aims to reduce muscle overactivity, both in response to pain and during daily activities. This nested qualitative study explored patient and physiotherapist perspectives and experiences of CMT.Methods: Five physiotherapists were trained to follow a well-defined protocol and then delivered CMT to at least two patients with knee osteoarthritis. Each patient received seven individual clinical sessions and was provided with access to online learning materials incorporating animated videos. Semi-structured interviews took place after delivery/completion of the intervention and data were analysed at the patient and physiotherapist level.Results: Five physiotherapists and five patients were interviewed. All described a process of changing beliefs throughout their engagement with CMT. A framework with three phases was developed to organise the data according to how osteoarthritis was conceptualised and how this changed throughout their interactions with CMT. Firstly, was an identification of pain beliefs to be challenged and recognition of how current beliefs can misalign with daily experiences. Secondly was a process of challenging and changing beliefs, validated through new experiences. Finally, there was an embedding of changed beliefs into self-management to continue with activities. Conclusion:This study identified a range of psychological changes which occur during exposure to CMT. These changes enabled patients to reconceptualise their condition, develop a new understanding of their body, understand psychological processes, and make sense of their knee pain.
In situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction experiments on bare palladium nanoclusters prepared by inert-gas aggregation and size selected ͑1.7-6.0 nm͒ show significant changes in lattice parameter upon hydrogen loading and a narrowing of the miscibility gap, as the cluster size decreases. The results show that the miscibility gap is open for all cluster sizes studied, in contrast to previous literature results from surfactantencapsulated palladium clusters. We interpret these results by showing that the nature of the surface is critical in the hydrogenation behavior of the nanoclusters.
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