The Remember/Know procedure is widely used to investigate recollection and familiarity in recognition memory, but almost all of the results obtained using that procedure can be readily accommodated by a unidimensional model based on signal-detection theory. The unidimensional model holds that Remember judgments reflect strong memories (associated with high confidence, high accuracy, and fast reaction times), whereas Know judgments reflect weaker memories (associated with lower confidence, lower accuracy, and slower reaction times). Although this is invariably true on average, a new two-dimensional account (the Continuous Dual-Process model) suggests that Remember judgments made with low confidence should be associated with lower old/new accuracy, but higher source accuracy, than Know judgments made with high confidence. We tested this prediction -and found evidence to support it -using a modified Remember/Know procedure in which participants were first asked to indicate a degree of recollection-based or familiarity-based confidence for each word presented on a recognition test and were then asked to recollect the color (red or blue) and screen location (top or bottom) associated with the word at study. For familiarity-based decisions, old/new accuracy increased with old/new confidence, but source accuracy did not (suggesting that stronger old/new memory was supported by higher degrees of familiarity). For recollection-based decisions, both old/new accuracy and source accuracy increased with old/new confidence (suggesting that stronger old/new memory was supported by higher degrees of recollection). These findings suggest that recollection and familiarity are continuous processes and that participants can indicate which process mainly contributed to their recognition decisions.A longstanding issue in the field of human memory is whether the ability to recognize an item as having been previously encountered is better characterized by a single-process model or by a dual-process model. Single-process models assume that recognition decisions are based on a continuous, unidimensional memory-strength variable that reflects a singular process like familiarity. Such models are often conceptualized in terms of the Gaussian unequal-variance signal-detection model (Egan, 1958). Dual-process models assume that recognition decisions are based on two different processes, recollection and familiarity (Atkinson & Juola, 1973;Jacoby, 1991;Mandler, 1980;Yonelinas, 1994). Recollection refers to the retrieval of contextual details associated with an item, and familiarity refers to a context-free sense of a prior occurrence generated by an item.Within dual-process theory, a separate issue is whether recollection is better characterized as a dichotomous ("high-threshold") process (Yonelinas, 1994) or as a continuous signal-
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