The overuse of copper (Cu) fungicides has resulted in an accumulation of Cu in the orange-growing soil in Cao Phong district, Hoa Binh province. In this study, we analyzed the fractionation and accumulation of Cu in soils treated with two types of fungicides: Norshield 86.2WG and Epolists 85WP. Using vetiver grass has been known as a approach to immobilize heavy metals in soil, herein, its effect on the fate of Cu was also considered. The bioavailability of Cu was relatively high for both the tested soils treated with Norshield 86.2WG (~9.82-11.03%) and Epolists 85WP (~8.46-10.79%). Noting that Cu in different fractions increased following the order F1 (water soluble) < F2 (exchange adsorption) < F3 (special adsorption) < F4 (bound with Fe/Al hydroxide) < F5 (bound to organic matter) < F6 (remaining form). The use of vetiver grass resulted in different accumulation levels of Cu between natural soil (9.5 ± 0.53 ppm) and Cu-added soils (from 16.17 ± 1.72 to 27.13 ± 1.31 ppm). The application of Norshield 86.2WG and Epolists 85WP has exacerbated the contamination of soil by Cu, therefore, to manage and enhance soil health in this area, we need to consider reducing the use of fungicides in the orange-growing areas. Keywords: Cao Phong orange, fungicides, Cu pollution, Cu accumulation, Vetiver grass.
Tylenchulus semipenetrans causes serious damages related to decline on citrus in Cao Phong district, Hoa Binh province. This study evaluated the effects of EM, AMF, AT+Ketomium and Chitosan-Super in the control of nematodes. In the laboratory condition, the T. semipenetrans was isolated from the soil and assessed for survival in the liquid medium containing EM and Chitosan-Super. The larval mortality rate reached 98.57% after 72 hours when using Chitosan-Super at 2% concentration. For pot experiments, T. semipenetrans and bioinoculants were infected into Hoa Binh red grapefruit rhizospheres. The results indicated that nematode density in the soil decreased the most in CT5 (Chitosan-Super), followed by CT4 (AT+Ketomium), CT3 (AMF+EM) and CT1 (AMF), CT2 (EM); nematode density in roots was the highest at CT5 of 132±27 individuals/5g of roots, while in CT1 there was no parasitic nematode on the red grapefruit root though its density in soil was high (2.424±125 individuals/250g of soil). Citrus grew normally in all of the experience formulas. Research results are an important basis for effective use of bioinoculants in preventing nematode parasitic on citrus.
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