A B S T R A C TExcessive antimicrobial usage and deficiencies in hygiene in meat production systems may result in undesirable human health hazards, such as the presence of antimicrobial drug residues and non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS), including antimicrobial resistant (AMR) NTS. Recently, Vietnam has witnessed the emergence of integrated intensive animal production systems, coexisting with more traditional, locally-sourced wet markets. To date no systematic studies have been carried out to compare health hazards in beef, pork and chicken in different production systems. We aimed to: (1) estimate the prevalence of antimicrobial residues in beef, pork and chicken meat; (2) investigate the prevalence and levels of NTS contamination; and (3) investigate serovar distribution and AMR against critically important antimicrobials by animal species and type of retail (wet market vs. supermarket) in Vietnam. Fresh pork, beef and chicken meat samples (N = 357) sourced from wet markets and supermarkets in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Hanoi and Dong Thap were screened for antimicrobial residues by PremiTest, and were further investigated by Charm II. Samples from HCMC (N = 113) were cultured using ISO 6579:2002/Amd 1:2007. NTS bacteria were quantified using a minimum probable number (MPN) technique. NTS isolates were assigned to serovar by Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST), and were investigated for their phenotypic susceptibility against 32 antimicrobials. A total of 26 (7.3%) samples tested positive by PremiTest (9.5% beef, 4.1% pork and 8.4% chicken meat). Sulfonamides, tetracyclines and macrolides were detected by Charm in 3.1%, 2.8% and 2.0% samples, respectively. Overall, meat samples from wet markets had a higher prevalence of residues than those from supermarkets (9.6% vs. 2.6%) (p = 0.016). NTS were isolated from 68.4% samples from HCMC. Chicken samples from wet markets had by far the highest NTS counts (median 3.2 log MPN/g). NTS isolates displayed high levels of resistance against quinolones (52.2%) and β-lactams (49.6%), but low levels against 3rd generation cephalosporins (4.4%) and aminoglycosides (0.8%). The highest adjusted prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) corresponded to isolates from chicken meat and pork (OR 8.3 and 1.8, respectively) (baseline = beef). S. Kentucky was the most common serovar identified (11 from chicken, 1 from beef) and 91.7% isolates was MDR. 11/12 isolates corresponded to ST198, a worldwide-disseminated multiresistant NTS clone. We recommend stepping up policy measures to promote responsible antimicrobial use in animal production, as well as awareness about withdrawal periods to limit the hazard of residues in animal products, and improving slaughtering/hygiene procedures to limit cross-contamination with NTS, particularly in poultry wet markets.

Antibiotic residues in consumer foods pose a threat to human health and contribute to increasing antimicrobial resistance. The study was conducted from January to July 2019 in six provinces in Viet Nam. In total, 360 pork samples and 360 chicken meat samples were collected for analysis. The samples were first screened with an ELISA test kit for residues in the beta-lactam, tetracycline and sulfonamide groups. All positive and suspected positive samples were confirmed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) to determine the concentration of ampicillin, amoxicillin, sulfamethazine, sulfaquinoxaline, oxytetracycline and doxycycline residues. The final confirmed result showed that 13 (3.6%); 99 (27.5%) and 16 (4.4%) chicken samples and 13 (3.6%); 29 (8.1%) and 29 (8.1%) of pork samples were positive or suspected positive with β-lactam; tetracycline and sulfonamide residues respectively. The LC/MS/MS method detected amoxicillin (8.1 - 151.6 ng/g), ampicillin residues (1.9 – 7.5 ng/g), doxycycline (1.1 – 491.1 ng/g), oxytetracycline (1.1 – 12.9 ng/g), sulfaquinoxaline (1.1 – 7.3 ng/g) and sulfamethazine (1.0 – 1556.5 ng/g) in positive or suspected positive pork and chicken meat samples. Tetracycline (18%) was the most frequently found residue followed by sulfonamide(6%). Proportion of chicken samples with residue level higher than MRL (3%) and level of tetracycline residue were significantly higher than pork (1%). Significantly higher proportion of samples with residue level higher than MRL (4%) and the highest level of tetracycline residue were observed in the North. This data can help to motivate decision making towards lowering the use of antimicrobials in livestock and antibiotic residue in livestock products.

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Eating habits appears to be an important determinant of dietary intake and may consequently influence overweight and obesity. Understanding the relationship between the nutritional status and eating habits is necessary for effective prophylaxis and intervention of overweight/obesity in adolescents. The purpose of this study is to analyze the association of some eating habits with overweight and obesity among adolescents at the age of 11-14 from 9 junior high schools in Hanoi city to help design a model for predicting overweight and obesity from eating habits. A case-control study was conducted on 222 overweight/obese adolescents and 616 normal-weight adolescents (according to International Obesity Taskforce standards, IOTF). Research results indicated that protective factors of overweight and obesity include snacking; snacking at least 2 hours before or after a main meal; consumption of milk and dairy products in snacks; sensory liking for fruit. Risk factors include sensory liking for fat, sensory liking for sweet, sensory liking for fast food, sensory liking for carbonated soft drinks, skipping breakfast, and snacking before bed. The best predictive model of overweight and obesity s built from logistic regression analysis including 8 of the above eating habits with AUC (Area Under the Curve) value of 0.931. Thus, eating habits are closely related to overweight and obesity among 11-14 year-old adolescents in Hanoi. Keywords Eating habits, overweight, obesity, adolescence, risk factor. References [1] A.S. French, M. Story and C.L. Perry, Self-esteem and obesity in children and adolescents: a literature review, Obesity Research 3 (1995) 479-490. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1550-8528.1995.tb00179.x[2] E.A. Finkelstein, C.J. Ruhm, and K.M. Kosa, Economic causes and consequences of obesity, Annual Review of Public Health 26 (2005) 239-257. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144628 
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Seven novel N-alkyl-plinabulin derivatives with aryl groups moieties (nitroquinoline, 1,4-dihydroquinoline, 4-methoxybenzene, and 4-chlorobenzene) have been synthesized via aldol condensation and alkylation in one-pot, and tested for their cytotoxicity against 4 cancer cell lines (KB, HepG2, Lu, and MCF7). Compounds ( Z)−3-((6,8-dimethyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinolin-2-yl)methylene)−6-(( Z)−4-methoxybenzylidene)−1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)piperazine-2,5-dione (5a), ( Z)−6-(( Z)−4-methoxybenzylidene)−1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)−3-((1,6,8-trimethyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinolin-2-yl)methylene)piperazine-2,5-dione (5b), and ( Z)−3-(( Z)−4-chlorobenzylidene)−1,4-dimethyl-6-((8-methyl-4-nitroquinolin-2-yl)methylene)piperazine-2,5-dione (8) showed strong cytotoxicity against 3 of the cancer cells lines (KB, HepG2 and Lu) with IC50 values ranging from 3.04 to 10.62 µM. The quinoline-derived compounds had higher cytotoxic activity than the benzaldehyde derivatives. The successful synthesis of these derivatives offers useful information for the development of more potent vascular disrupting agents based on plinabulin.