The CYP3AP1 genotype is a major factor in determining the dose requirement for tacrolimus, and genotyping may be of value in planning patient-specific drug dosing.

Previously, we reported that, at 3 months after renal transplantation, individuals with CYP3AP1 genotype CYP3AP1 * 1 (linked to CYP3A5 * 1 and strongly associated with expression of CYP3A5) required twofold higher doses of tacrolimus to achieve target blood concentrations than individuals with the genotype CYP3AP1 * 3/ * 3 (CYP3A5 nonexpressors). This study assesses the relationship between concentrationcontrolled dosing during the early period after transplantation, the time to achieve target concentrations and genotype in 178 renal transplant recipients (CYP3AP1 * 1/ * 3 or * 1/ * 1: n = = 53, CYP3AP1 * 3/ * 3: n = = 125). Patients with CYP3AP1 * 1/ * 3 or * 1/ * 1 had lower mean tacrolimus concentrations during the first week (Median 13.5 vs. 18.5 lg/L, p < 0.0001) with significant delay in achieving target concentrations (15-20 lg/L during week 1, then 10-15 lg/L). More CYP3AP1 * 3/ * 3 patients had tacrolimus concentrations above target during the first week (73.6% vs. 35.8%, p = = 0.003). There was no difference in the rate of biopsy-confirmed acute rejection, but rejection occurred earlier in the CYP3AP1 * 1/ * 3 or * 1/ * 1 group (median 7 d vs. 13 d, p = = 0.005). In conclusion, an initial dosing regimen for tacrolimus based on knowledge of the CYP3AP1 genotype and subsequently guided by concentration measurements has the potential to increase the proportion of patients achieving target blood concentrations early after transplantation.

Automated searching of general practice computer records could provide a reliable and valid way of identifying people with stages 3-5 CKD who could benefit from interventions readily available in primary care.

The editorial group responsible for this previously published document have withdrawn it from publication.

Background Effective use of warfarin involves keeping the international normalised ratio (INR) within a relatively narrow therapeutic range. However, patients respond widely to their dose of warfarin. Overcoagulation can lead to an increased risk of excessive bleeding, while undercoagulation can lead to increased clot formation. There is some evidence that patients with a variable response to warfarin may benefit from a concomitant low dose of vitamin K. Objectives To assess the effects of concomitant supplementation of low-dose oral vitamin K for anticoagulation control in patients being initiated on or taking a maintenance dose of warfarin.

The editorial group responsible for this previously published document have withdrawn it from publication.