Meta‐analytic techniques were used to determine which predictor domains and actuarial assessment instruments were the best predictors of adult offender recidivism. One hundred and thirty‐one studies produced 1,141 correlations with recidivism. The strongest predictor domains were criminogenic needs, criminal history/history of antisocial behavior, social achievement, age/gender/race, and family factors. Less robust predictors included intellectual functioning, personal distress factors, and socioeconomic status in the family of origin. Dynamic predictor domains performed at least as well as the static domains. The LSI‐R was identified as the most useful actuarial measure. Recommendations for developing sound assessment practices in corrections are provided.

No abstract

Baumrind's authoritative, permissive, and authoritarian parenting styles were analyzed within the context of Kohut's psychology of the self. College student perceptions of their parents were correlated with measures of self-functioning in order to test the hypotheses that perceived parental authoritativeness would be associated with less narcissistic maladjustment, that permissiveness would be associated with immature grandiosity, and that authoritarianism would correlate with inadequate idealization. All three suggestions received empirical support. In addition, authoritarianism seemed to be associated with less immature grandiosity, and parenting characteristics of the mother were more strongly correlated with self-development than were those of ihe father.That the family crucially affects the self is a commonplace social scientific assumption not limited to psychoanalysis. Baumrind's (e.g., 1966Baumrind's (e.g., , 1975Baumrind's (e.g., , 1983 research into authoritative, permissive, and authoritarian parenting styles illustrates how developmental psychologists have sought to clarify the tie between parenting and the traits of children. Most simplistically, authoritativeness combines control and limit setting with warmth and nurturance and generally fosters children who are "mature . . . socially responsible and assertive" (Baumnnd, 1973, p. 8). Overemphasis on nurturance at the expense of appropriate control defines a permissiveness that is associated with "immature" children more likely to have problems with self-control and selfreliance. Authoritarian parents are opposite to the permissive pattern in exerting strong control with little warmth. Their "disaffiliated" youth (1973, p. 8) appear to be unhappy, socially withdrawn, and lacking in trust (1983, p. 121).Requests for reprints should be sent to P.

Baumrind's authoritative, permissive, and authoritarian parenting styles were analyzed within the context of Kohut's psychology of the self. College student perceptions of their parents were correlated with measures of self-functioning in order to test the hypotheses that perceived parental authoritativeness would be associated with less narcissistic maladjustment, that permissiveness would be associated with immature grandiosity, and that authoritarianism would correlate with inadequate idealization. All three suggestions received empirical support. In addition, authoritarianism seemed to be associated with less immature grandiosity, and parenting characteristics of the mother were more strongly correlated with self-development than were those of ihe father. That the family crucially affects the self is a commonplace social scientific assumption not limited to psychoanalysis. Baumrind's (e.g., 1966, 1975, 1983) research into authoritative, permissive, and authoritarian parenting styles illustrates how developmental psychologists have sought to clarify the tie between parenting and the traits of children. Most simplistically, authoritativeness combines control and limit setting with warmth and nurturance and generally fosters children who are "mature. .. socially responsible and assertive" (Baumnnd, 1973, p. 8). Overemphasis on nurturance at the expense of appropriate control defines a permissiveness that is associated with "immature" children more likely to have problems with self-control and selfreliance. Authoritarian parents are opposite to the permissive pattern in exerting strong control with little warmth. Their "disaffiliated" youth (1973, p. 8) appear to be unhappy, socially withdrawn, and lacking in trust (1983, p. 121).

Questionnaire measures of the narcissistic personality disorder can predict healthy and unhealthy self-functioning. That this outcome might support Heinz Kohut's psychoanalytic psychology of the self was tested in a sample of 354 undergraduates. In canonical correlations, factors from the Narcissistic Personality Inventory were associated more strongly with grandiose than with idealizing immaturities in Kohut's bipolar self, while difficulties in interpersonal relationships (i.e., poor object relations) were associated more strongly with idealizing deficits. Zero-order and partial correlational data were congruent with Kohut's hypothesis that self-grandiosity can include elements of both "pathology" and relative mental health, but canonical correlations did not support Kohut's claim that narcissism can be described in a bidimensional self-structure.