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Among adolescents, greater daytime sleepiness and greater eveningness chronotype were independently associated with lower self-regulation, but shorter sleep duration was not. Aspects of sleep other than school-night sleep duration appear to be more strongly associated with self-regulation.

Objective: To examine trends in under-and overweight prevalence from 1991 to 2004 among adults and children in China by income and residence differentials. Methods/Subjects: Prevalence, average annual changes and annual relative changes in under-and overweight were determined. In 1991, 2848 children and 6806 adults were surveyed. The 2004 survey included 1566 children and 6172 adults. Results: Higher average annual reductions in underweight prevalence were found among children, particularly rural children, when compared with adults. With respect to income, low-income children and adults experienced the greatest average annual reductions in underweight prevalence. The trend for increased overweight was more pronounced than the trend for decreased underweight. Intensified trends were found among adults (versus children) and males (versus females). Relative to baseline prevalence, overweight increased fastest among adults in low-income and rural populations. Conclusions: Rapid increases in the overweight prevalence, particularly as found among low-income and rural Chinese adults, will likely lead to a shift in the burden of obesity-related chronic diseases toward the poor. Associated economic and health implications will further challenge the country's health care system, restrain economic development and widen existing disparities between the rural and urban as well as between the rich and poor populations of China.

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Background Parents' food parenting practices have a significant influence on children's dietary intake and risk for obesity and chronic disease. Understanding the impact and interactions between parents' practices and children's behavior is limited by a lack of development and psychometric testing and/or limited scope of current measures. HomeSTEAD (Home Self-administered Tool for Environmental assessment of Activity and Diet) was created to address this gap. Objective This paper describes development and psychometric testing of HomeSTEAD's family food practices survey. Participants/Design Between August 2010 and May 2011, a convenience sample of 129 parents of children ages 3-12 years were recruited from central North Carolina and completed the self-administered HomeSTEAD survey on three occasions during a 12 to 18-day window. Demographics and child diet were assessed at Time 1. Child height and weight were measured during the in-home observations (following Time 1 survey). Statistical analysis Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with Time 1 data was used to identify potential scales. Scales with more than three items were examined for scale reduction. Following, mean scores were calculated at each time points. Construct validity was assessed by examining Spearman rank correlations between mean scores (Time 1) and children's diet (fruits and vegetables, sugar-sweetened beverages, snacks, sweets) and BMI z-scores. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to examine differences in mean scores between time points; and single-measure intraclass correlations (ICC) were calculated to examine test-retest reliability between time points. Results EFA identified 24 factors and retained 124 items; however, scale reduction narrowed items to 86. The final instrument captures five Coercive Control practices (16 items), seven Autonomy Support practices (24 items), and 12 Structure practices (46 items). All scales demonstrated good internal reliability (α>0.62), 18 factors demonstrated construct validity (significant association with child diet, p<0.05), and 22 demonstrated good reliability (ICC>0.61). Conclusions HomeSTEAD's family food practices survey provides a brief, yet comprehensive and psychometrically sound assessment of food parenting practices.