There has been increased attention on athletes' intentions and motives for doping. However, the majority of studies on doping intentions to date have assumed that doping is a consciously-controlled, goal-directed behaviour, and neglected the possibility that athletes could be unwittingly and unintentionally exposed to doping. Unintentional doping is often regarded as an excuse given by athletes caught doping, but it could happen in circumstances where athletes are unaware that the food, drinks, supplements, or medications they consume contain banned performanceenhancing drugs. Research into unintentional doping is in its infancy, but debates persist about the importance of this controversal topic. In this article we discuss the importance of unintentional doping as an issue in sport. We discuss the relevance of this research area based on statistics, reports, and recommendations (e.g., antidoping codes) offered by WADA, together with the evidence from recent empirical research. We also outline the importance of formative research on effective interventions to manage unintentional doping.

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Parents are often regarded as one of the significant social agents who are important to the participation of physical activity (PA) among children and adolescents. However, within the literature, the relationships between parental influences and child and adolescent PA have been inconclusive and discordant. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to quantify and synthesize the associations between parental social influences (positive parental influence, punishment, and discouragement) and the PA level of children and adolescents. Through a systematic literature search using PsycINFO, Web of Science, PubMed, ProQuest, and SPORTDiscus databases, we identified 112 eligible studies and subsequently extracted 741 effect sizes for our analysis. Multilevel meta-analysis showed that the corrected zero-order correlation of positive parental influence was positive and statistically significant, r = 0.202, SE = 0.014, t = 14.975, p < 0.001, 95% confidence interval (CI) = [0.176, 0.228]. Further moderation analysis also found that this was significantly moderated by parental gender (maternal vs. paternal), respondent of influence measure (parent-reported vs. child-reported), and type of PA measure (subjective vs. objective). The corrected zero-order correlations of negative parental influences (i.e., punishment and discouragement) were not statistically significant, and no significant moderation effects were observed. The findings of our meta-analysis showed that children and adolescents had higher PA levels when their parents supported PA participation by exerting positive social influence. Punishment and discouragement against PA by parents did not appear to be significantly associated with the PA level of children and adolescents. The findings of negative parental social influence were mixed and required further investigations.

Athletes with positive implicit and explicit doping attitudes were less likely to read the ingredients table of an unknown food product, but were more likely to be aware of the possible presence of banned substances in a certain food product. Implicit doping attitude appeared to explain athletes' behavioural response to the avoidance of unintentional doping beyond variance explained by explicit doping attitude.

In some cases, doping in sport is an intentional goal-directed behavior, but research 28 suggests that it might also occur accidentally when athletes inadvertently or unintentionally 29 consume banned performance-enhancing drugs via food, supplements or medication. Because 30 research into the psychological factors of unintentional doping is still emerging, this paper 31 aims to conduct a preliminary systematic review of all the existing literature concerning the 32 psychology of unintentional doping in sport. The systematic review was carried out via an 33 extensive search of Medline, PsycINFO, PsycTESTS, PsycARTICLES and Web of Science, 34 and reports from World Anti-Doping Agency. Among the 2,110 articles identified from the 35 search, six studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Evidence from these studies 36 suggests that the avoidance of unintentional doping could be related to a number of 37 behavioural, social and psychological factors, such as athletes' conscious awareness of, and 38 capacity to cope with, situations where they may be exposed to performance-enhancing 39 substances. Motivational factors from self-determination theory, social cognitive variables 40 and beliefs from the theory of planned behaviour, and trait self-control were also related to 41 athletes' behaviours that contribute to the avoidance of unintentional doping. On the basis of 42 this systematic review, we propose initial evidence-based suggestions that may support sport 43 scientists, team doctors, and practitioners to implement interventions or educational programs 44 to increase athletes' awareness of, and ability to avoid, unintentional doping in sport. 45

These findings are consistent with the tenets of self-determination theory in that autonomous motivation was a positive predictor of adaptive safety beliefs and adherence to injury prevention behaviours.

Sense of agency is the experience of initiating and controlling an action in order to influence one's environment. It is widely accepted that various different sources of information contribute to sense of agency, including sensorimotor signals and external situational information. Moreover, it has been suggested that atypical experiences in sense of agency in schizophrenia are linked to changes in the relative influence of these agency cues, with external cues being more dominant. This study tests this hypothesis in a non-clinical population by investigating the relationship between schizotypy and performance on the vicarious agency task (a classic demonstration of the effect of external cues on sense of agency). We found that increased susceptibility to the vicarious agency illusion (i.e. an increased feeling of controlling someone else's action) was linked to higher schizotypy scores. This supports the idea that aberrant experiences of agency in schizophrenia are linked to an increased sensitivity to external agency cues.

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