No abstract

With the exception of some data for common poorwills (Phalaenoptilus nuttallii) and anecdotal reports for a few other species, knowledge about the use of torpor by free-ranging birds is limited. Our study was designed to assess the use of torpor by free-ranging Australian owlet-nightjars (Aegotheles cristatus). We selected this species for study because of their relatively small body size (50 g), arthropod diet, nocturnal sedentary nature, taxonomic affiliation with other birds for whom the use of torpor is well documented, use of cavity roosts, and because of the cold winter (mean July minimum ambient temperature [T(a)] of approximately 0 degrees C) in the study area. We tracked 12 owlet-nightjars carrying temperature-sensitive transmitters for a total of 906 bird-days (range of 15-115 d per individual). Five different individuals entered torpor on 96 d in total. Torpor bouts occurred only between May 8 and September 8, the coldest period of the year. The lowest skin temperature (T(skin)) recorded for any bird was 19.6 degrees C, and the lowest core temperature was 22.4 degrees C. Surprisingly, torpor was rarely used at night because birds usually foraged then. Instead, torpor typically began near dawn, even on cold nights. Torpor bouts beginning at dawn lasted approximately 4 h. On 36% of days when torpor was used at dawn, birds reentered torpor later in the day. Torpor was not used during the breeding season, but this period also corresponds to the warm part of the year. There were no distinct daily minimum, maximum, or mean T(a) thresholds that could be used to reliably distinguish days when dawn torpor was used from those when it was not, although torpor was commonly employed when daily minimum T(a) fell below 3.9 degrees C. Our results show that even though Australia is typically thought of as a warm continent, at least some of the avifauna use torpor as a regular means of saving energy. We hypothesise that the reasons for this species' use of torpor include its ability to remain active all night foraging, either for terrestrial arthropods while walking or for flying insects taken on the wing, and/or its habit of roosting in cavities, which allows them to remain hidden in the daytime.

The globally significant human pathogen group A Streptococcus (GAS) sequesters the host protease plasmin to the cell surface during invasive disease initiation. Recent evidence has shown that localized plasmin activity prevents opsonization of several bacterial species by key components of the innate immune system in vitro. Here we demonstrate that plasmin at the GAS cell surface resulted in degradation of complement factor C3b, and that plasminogen acquisition is associated with a decrease in C3b opsonization and neutrophil-mediated killing in vitro. Furthermore, the ability to acquire cell surface plasmin(ogen) correlates directly with a decrease in C3b opsonization, neutrophil phagocytosis, and increased bacterial survival in a humanized plasminogen mouse model of infection. These findings demonstrate that localized plasmin(ogen) plays an important role in facilitating GAS escape from the host innate immune response and increases bacterial virulence in the early stages of infection.

IntroductionMaintenance of high tissue oxygenation (PtO2) is recommended during surgery because PtO2 is highly predictive of surgical site infection and colonic anastomotic leakage. However, surgical site perfusion is often sub-optimal, creating an obstructive hurdle for traditional, systemically applied therapies to maintain or increase surgical site PtO2. This research tested the hypothesis that insufflation of humidified-warm CO2 into the abdominal cavity would increase sub-peritoneal PtO2 during open abdominal surgery.Materials and Methods15 Wistar rats underwent laparotomy under general anesthesia. Three sets of randomized cross-over experiments were conducted in which the abdominal cavity was subjected to alternating exposure to 1) humidified-warm CO2 & ambient air; 2) humidified-warm CO2 & dry-cold CO2; and 3) dry-cold CO2 & ambient air. Sub-peritoneal PtO2 and tissue temperature were measured with a polarographic oxygen probe.ResultsUpon insufflation of humidified-warm CO2, PtO2 increased by 29.8 mmHg (SD 13.3; p<0.001), or 96.6% (SD 51.9), and tissue temperature by 3.0°C (SD 1.7 p<0.001), in comparison with exposure to ambient air. Smaller, but significant, increases in PtO2 were seen in experiments 2 and 3. Tissue temperature decreased upon exposure to dry-cold CO2 compared with ambient air (-1.4°C, SD 0.5, p = 0.001).ConclusionsIn a rat model, insufflation of humidified-warm CO2 into the abdominal cavity during open abdominal surgery causes an immediate and potentially clinically significant increase in PtO2. The effect is an additive result of the delivery of CO2 and avoidance of evaporative cooling via the delivery of the CO2 gas humidified at body temperature.